General Physiology

1. Components of cell
2. Types of active transport with example
3. What is meant by active transport and passive transport across the cell membrane? Give one example for each?
4. Example of +ve and-ve feedback mechanism

Blood and Body Fluids

1. Which are the sites of erythropoiesis in an infant and adult? Which are the different stages of erythropoiesis? List the various changes occurring at different stages of erythropoiesis?
2. Discuss in detail physiology of clotting?
3. Write a note on mechanism of coagulation of blood? Add a note on anti-coagulants?
4. Define blood coagulation? Describe the intrinsic mechanism of blood coagulation
5. Mention the clotting factors in proper order? Explain the intrinsic mechanism of blood clotting? Add a note on haemophilia?

Short essays

1. Define erythrocyte sedimentation rate? Write its significance?
2. Factors for erythropoiesis
3.  Normal platelets counts and function
4.  Significance of ESR
5.  And normal values for male and female
6. Function of lymphocytes
7.  Define homeostasis explain with example
8.  Give the normal concentration of fibrinogen in blood and role played by it
9.  Composition origin circulation  function of lymph
10.  List two features of RBC in iron deficiency anemia
11.  What meant by aplastic anemia
12.  List effects of anemia
13.  Hemophilia
14.  Define Landsteiner law
15.  Mention the antigen present in ABO and Rh blood group
16. Agranulocytes
17. Cross matching and their types
18. Lysosome
19. Classify white blood corpuscles and state their functions briefly
20. classify wbc
21. Classify and name the different leukocytes? Give two physiological variation in their number?
22. Classify leukocytes and describe their function
23. Give the normal percent of lymphocytes in differential leukocyte count? Explain the role of lymphocytes in immunity?
24. What is the normal percentage of neutrophils in differential count? Discuss its function
25. Name the three chief plasma proteins?give function of each?
26. Name the plasma proteins and describe their functions?
27. Mention the sites of red blood corpuscles (RBC) formation in infants and adults? Explain the role of hypoxia on RBC formation?
28. What is erythropoiesis? Describe the stages and regulation of erythropoiesis?
29. Write briefly on the factors required (regulating)for erythropoiesis?
30. Explain the fate of haemoglobin after haemolysis?
31. What are the function of lymphocytes
32. What is normal platelet (thrombocyte)count ?explain their function
33. Explain the physiology of clotting
34. Intrinsic pathway of clotting
35. Discuss the agglutinogens and agglutinins present in the OAB and Rh blood group systems
36. Rh incompatibility
37. Give a brief account of erythroblastosis fetalis
38. Name the blood groups What are effects of mismatched blood transfusion?
39. Blood transfusion and complications
40. Describe the measurement of blood volume
41. Composition, circulation and functions of lymph
42. Mention the various blood groups systems and the basis of the classification
43. Blood groups
44. Describe the ABO blood groups what is Rh factor?
45. ABO blood group system
46. In a tabular column indicate the agglutinogen and agglutinin in each of the blood groups of ABO and Rh system of blood

Short Answers

1. Four functions of plasma proteins
2. State the various stages in the development of red blood corpuscles
3. What are the structural and functional differences between adult and fetal haemoglobin?
4. Mention the different types of haemoglobin and its functional difference
5. Fate of haemoglobin
6. Classify anemia,Give examples
7.  Mention any four types of anaemia
8. List the effects of anaemia
9. What is meant by aplastic anaemia?
10. Lymphocytes
11. Functions of platelets
12. Name the clotting factors
13. Anticoagulants
14. Mention two tests done in persons with haemorrhagic disorder

SECTION: MUSCLE PHYSIOLOGY

Short Essays

1. Compare refractory period in skeletal and cardiac muscle
2. Describe the mechanism of muscle contraction
3. Describe excitation contraction coupling
4. Describe the neuromuscular junction(NMJ)with help of a
5. diagram and explain mechanism of transmission of nerve
6. impulse across NMJ
7. explain action potential and draw a neat labelled diagram aswell
8. Describe in deatil about the ionic basic of action potential

Short Answers

1. Name the types of muscle fibers Write briefly on sarcomere
2. Sarcomere
3. What is isometric and isotonic contraction?
4. Events of NMJ
5. Properties of skeletal muscle
6. draw a neat labelled structure of sarcomere
7. draw a neat labelled diagram of NMJ
8. difference between skeletal and smooth muscle
9. Define Sterling’s law of muscle contraction
10. Mention the neurotransmitter that is secreted at the
11. neuromuscular junction and what is Myasthenia gravis
12. Myasthenia gravis

SECTION: DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

Long Essays

1. Describe the components and functions of saliva Add a note on the regulation of salivary secretion
2. Draw a labelled diagram of parasympathetic nerve supply to the salivary gland Describe regulation of salivary secretion in detail
3. Discuss the composition,function and regulation of gastric juice

short essay

1. what are the functions of bile juice
2.        Phases of gastric juice secretion
3.        Give the composition and function of pancreatic juce
4.        List imp ingredients of bile juice and give their functions
5.        Describe entero hepatic circulation of bile salts
6.        Functions of liver
7.        Functions of large intestine
8.        Movement of stomach
9. composition of pancreatic juice
10.   Factors influencing gastric emptying
11.   Defecation reflex with diagrams
12.   Explain digestion and absorption of fats
13.   What are the secretory product s of the oxyntic cells of the gastric glands
14.  Name the gastro intestinal hormones acting on pancreas
15.  What is the action of chole cystokinin and the stimulus for its secretion
16. Draw and label gastric gland Explain how HCl formation occurs
17. Describe the different phases of gastric secretion and their regulation
18. Describe the composition,functions and regulation of secretion of pancreatic juice

Short Essays

1. Give the composition and function of saliva
2. Describe the regulation of salivary secretion
3. Describe the composition,functions and mechanism of secretionof gastric juice
4. Give the daily secretory rate of,gastric juice Name four important components in it giving their functions
5. Phases of gastric juice secretion
6. Describe the mechanism of secretion of HCl by the gastric mucosa
7. List the stimulants of HCl secretion Give their mode of action    Give the composition and functions of pancreatic juice
8. Name the bile salts and describe their functions
9. Describe the functions of liver
10. What are the functions of the large intestine?
11. Describe the second stage of deglutition
12. Give an account of the factors influencing gastric emptying
13. Describe the small intestinal movements
14. Defecation reflex with diagram
15. Digestion and absorption of carbohydrates
16. Describe the process of digestion of fat

Short Answers

1. Functions of saliva
2. Mention the enzymes of pancreatic juice
3. normal regulation of serum calcium
4. insulin secretion
5. peptic ulcer
6. Name any four gastrointestinal hormones
7. Secretin
8. Name two gastrointestinal hormones acting on pancreas
9. Mention the proteolytic enzymes present in the pancreatic juice    List the endocrine and exocrine functions of pancreas
10. Bile salts
11. Bile pigments
12. Functions of bile
13. Action of insulin on carbohydrate and lipid metabolism
14. Functions of liver
15. What is meant by deglutition? Name the three stages involved      Gastric emptying time
16. Movements of small intestine
17. Peristalsis

SECTION: RENAL PHYSIOLOGY AND EXCRETION

Long Essays

1. Draw and label the parts of nephron Explain the formation of urine,
2. What is the normal body temperature and how it is regulated?

Short Essays

1. Compare and contrast cortical and juxtamedullary nephrons
2. Draw a neat diagram of structural and functional unit of the
3.  Counter current mechanism operating in the kidney to produce hypertonic and hypotonic  urine
4.  Draw labelled. Diagram electron microscopic diagram of glomerular membrane
5.   Derive the value for effective filtration pressure in the glomerulus
6.  Mention non excretory functions of kidney
7. functions of loop of henle in nephron
8. counter current multiplier
9.   Normal value of urine excreted per day and role of ADH on the same
10.  Function of distal convoluted tubule
11.  Hormones acting on renal tubules
12.  Pathological constituent of urine
13.  Cystometrogram
14.  Two types of sweat gland
15.   Function of skin
16.   Enumerate the heat gain mechanism occurring in the body when the body is exposed to cold environment
17. Juxtaglomerular apparatus
18. What is juxtaglomerular apparatus? Draw a neat labelled
19. Diagram of it and label its part what are its functions?
20. Explain the formation of urine
21. What is GFR?Describe the factors influencing it
22. Mechanism of urine concentration
23. Glucose reabsorption in the kidneys in health and diabetes mellitus
24. Describe nerve supply to urinary bladder Add a note on
25. micturation reflex
26. renal tubular function
27. proximal convoluted tubule
28. composition of urine
29. Explain micturition reflex
30. What are the physiological changes that occur when the body is exposed to low temperature

Short Answers

1. State the normal and abnormal constituents of urine
2. Enumerate the pathological constituents of urine
3. Creatinine clearance
4. Draw a labelled diagram of structure and functional unit of kidney    Juxtamedullary nephrons
5. Name any two hormones acting on renal tubules
6. Role of rennin in the regulation of blood pressure
7. Give the volume of urine excreted per day Mention the three
8. mechanisms involved in urine formation
9. What is GFR?What is its normal value?
10. Enumerate the factors affecting glomerular filtration rate
11. Enumerate the heat gain mechanism occurring in the body
12. when the body is exposed to cold environment

SECTION:ENDOCRINOLOGY

Long Essays

1. Name the hormones of anterior pituitary gland
2. affecting serum calcium level Describe the mechanism by which they regulate serum calcium level Add a note on tetany
3. Name the hypoglycaemic hormone of the body Discuss its action, regulation of its secretion and features of deficiency of this hormone

short essay

1. What are the actions and regulation of secretion of growth hormone
2.   Name the hormones of anterior pituitary Describe the functions of growth hormone, List two features of Gigantism
3. Name the hormones of thyroid gland State their functions,
4. mechanism of release and the clinical condition resulting from hyposecretion in infants and children
5. Describe the physiology of regulation of blood glucose level Add a note on the hormones involved in the process?
6. Name the hormones released by the adrenal cortex Discuss the actions of cortisol How is its secretion regulated?
7. Mention the hormones of the hormones of the adrenal cortex with its classification Describe the actions of glucocorticoids
8. How is the secretion of zona glomerulosa regulated?

Short Essays

1. Mention the hormones secreted by the anterior pituitary gland and the regulation of any one of them
2. What are the functions of growth hormone?
3. Hormones involved in calcium homeostasis
4.  Action of insulin
5.  Endocrine and exocrine function of pancreas
6.  Action of insulin on carbohydrate metabolism
7.  Hyperglycaemic hormones
8.  Hormones produced by adrenal cortex
9.  Function s of cortical hormones
10. Name the posterior pituitary hormones and their actions
11. Name the posterior pituitary hormones Explain actions of anyone of them
12. With reference to antidiuretic hormone, give its site of action, functions and stimuli for its release
13.        Function and regulation of growth hormone
14.        Note on acromegaly
15.        Physiological action of thyroxin  and briefly indicate effect of its deficiency in the adult
16.        Hormones affecting serum calcium level mechanism by which they regulate serum calcium level
17.        How is serum calcium level regulated in the body
18.        Source of ADH
19.        Mode of action of hormones
20.  Difference between cretinism and dwarfism
21. Mention the hormones secreted by the posterior pituitary gland What is meant neuroendocrine reflex?
22. What is the source of antidiuretic hormone(ADH)?Explain the role of ADH in the regulation of body water
23. Describe the formation and functions of oxytocin
24. List the features of acromegaly and thyrotoxicosis
25. Enumerate the actions of thyroxin
26. Explain the regulation of secretions of thyroid hormones
27. Myxoedema
28. Explain about Thyrotoxicosis
29. Explain the role of parathormone in regulation of blood calcium level
30. Give the actions of insulin and adrenaline on blood sugar level    
31. Name the hormones of adrenal cortex Mention their functions in brief
32. Explain the actions of glucocorticoids
33. osteoporosis
34. hypertension
35. What is clonus and tetanus

Short Answers

1. Hormones produced by the posterior pituitary gland and one action of any one of them
2. Antidiuretic hormone
3. Diabetes insipidus
4. Milk ejection reflex
5. Acromegaly
6. Mention the clinical features of acromegaly
7. Mention the clinical features of dwarfism
8. Name the hormones of thyroid gland
9. Differences between cretinism and dwarfism
10. Actions of parathormone
11. Vitamin D
12. Tetany
13. Name the hormones regulating blood calcium level
14. Name any four hormones that act on bone
15. Mention any four actions of insulin
16. Hormones produced by the adrenal cortex
17. Name four functions of cortical hormones
18. Mention the clinical features of Cushing’s syndrome
19. What are the actions of adrenaline

SECTION: REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

Short Essays

1. Functions of testes
2. Give five functions of Sertoli cells
3. Actions of testosterone
4. Tests for ovulation
5.  Contraception in females
6.  Sertoli cells
7. tubectomy and vasectomy
8. menopause
9.  Factors essential for spermatogenesis
10.  Normal range of sperm count
11.  What is sterility
12.  Function of estrogen
13.  Ovarian hormones and their imp actions
14.  List   endometrial changes occurring during proliferative phase of menstrual cycle
15.  Physiologic phases of pregnancy test
16. Describe the actions of estrogen
17. Describe menstrual cycle
18. Describe the formation and functions of corpus luteum
19. Name pregnancy test Explain the immunological test of pregnancy Oral contraceptives

Short Answers

1. What are the advantages of condom as a contraceptive device?   Sertoli cells
2. spermatogenesis
3. Function of ovaries
4. Name the functions of estrogen
5. Ovarian hormones and their important actions
6. Corpus luteum
7. Ovulation
8. Name the hormones in a normal menstrual cycle
9. Mention three functions of placenta
10. Human chorionic gonadotrophin
11. Immunological test for pregnancy
12. Tests for pregnancy
13. List any four methods of contraception in females
14. List two contraceptive methods in male Explain any one
15. Discuss the composition and mode of action of the female
16. contraceptive pill
17. Explain mechanism of action of oral contraceptive pills
18. What are the permanent family planning methods in males and females?

SECTION: CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

Long Essays

1. Describe the origin and conduction of the cardiac impulse
2. Define cardiac cycle Explain the mechanical changes during
3. cardiac cycle with the help of a diagram
4. Define blood pressure What is the normal blood pressure?
5. Give normal values for systolic, diastolic and pulse pressures
6. What are the factors that influence it? Explain short-term and Long-term mechanism of its regulation
7. A Define blood pressure Describe the factors regulating blood pressure

Short Essays

1. Properties of cardiac muscle
2. List the properties of cardiac muscle Explain any one of them    Explain origin and spread of cardiac impulse
3. Explain pacemaker
4.  Compare refractory period in skeletal and cardiac muscle
5.  Explain with the help of diagram
6. Describe the conduction tissues of the heart How is cardiac impulse transmitted?
7. State the events in cardiac cycle with duration
8. What are heart sounds? How are they produced? Mention their clinical significance
9. Describe the normal electrocardiogram(ECG)
10. Draw and explain the waves of ECG
11. Draw a well labelled normal ECG and mention the importance of PR interval
12. Define cardiac output Explain any one method of measuring it      How is cardiac output measured using Fick’s principle?
13. Regulation of cardiac output
14. Enumerate any three factors influencing venous return to the heart Explain any one of them
15. Define blood pressure(BP) What is normal systolic and diastolic blood pressure?
16. Name the baroreceptors Where are they situated?
17. Describe their mechanism of action
18. Explain baroreceptor(Sinoaortic)mechanism
19. Explain baroreceptor mechanism of regulation of blood pressure Pressure
20. factors affecting venous return
21.  Changes in ventricles during cardiac cycle
22.  how is Cardiac output measured using ficks principle
23.  Role of vagus on heart
24.  Define and explain vagal tone
25.  Where is apex beat located
26.  Imp of recording ECG
27.  Name the waves of ECG indicating which are positive waves
28.  Factors that alter heart rate
29.  Mareys law
30. Junctional tissues of the heart

Short Answers

1. Name the specialized conducting tissues of the heart
2. Define cardiac cycle What is its normal duration?
3. Intraventricular pressure curve
4. What is the cause for the first and second heart sound?
5. Draw a neat diagram of ECG and label it What is the
6. importance of recording ECG
7. Draw a labelled diagram of ECG
8. P-R interval
9. Define blood pressure  Give the normal values
10. Define pulse pressure and mean arterial pressure
11. Sinoaortic chemoreceptors
12. H Baroreceptor reflex
13. korotkoff sounds
14. Axon reflex

SECTION:RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

       Long Essay

Mention the various respiratory centres and its locations

1. Give an account of the nervous control of respiration

Short Essays

1. Describe the mechanism of inspiration
2. What is intrapleural pressure? Give its normal value What is its role in respiration?
3. Write a note on different lung volumes and capacities with the help of a diagram
4. Vital capacity and physiological variations
5. Define and discuss vital capacity and apnea
6. Vital capacity and timed vital capacity
7. What is timed vital capacity? Mention the values and its
8. variations
9. What are the two types of dead space? How it is determined?   Oxygen dissociation curve
10. Draw a normal oxygen-haemoglobin dissociation curve
11. Explain Bohr’s effect
    1. Bohr’s effect
12. How CO  is transported in the body?
13. Lung compliance
14. respiratory membrane
15. Neural regulation of respiration
16. Respiratory centre’s
17. Name the respiratory centre’s Briefly describe their functions      Chemical regulation of respiration
18. Chemoreceptors
19. What are chemoreceptors? Where are they situated?
20. How are they stimulated?
21. Maximum voluntary ventilation
22. Eupnea is voluntary or involuntary how is it brought about
23. Give an account of respiratory chemoreceptors
24. Mention the different types of hypoxia and explain with
25. suitable examples

1. Define Anatomical dead space give normal value
2.  Effect of increasing anatomical dead space on alveolar ventilation and pulmonary ventilation
3.  Shape of oxygen dissociation curve and significance and cause for such shape
4. Artificial respiration
5. Describe the physiological changes in artificial respiration

Short Answers

1. Name the muscles of inspiration
2. Surfactant
3. What is surfactant? What is its function?
4. Explain the role of surfactant
5. Name the lung volumes and capacities
6. Define tidal volume and give its value
7. Define the following, giving their normal values:
8. a Inspiratory reserve volume
9. b Vital capacity
10. Define vital capacity and give its normal value
11. What is timed vital capacity? How is it expressed?
12. What is the normal respiratory rate? How much is dead space volume?
13. Mention the partial pressures of oxygen and carbon dioxide in
14. arterial and venous blood
15. Give the contents of oxygen in blood
16. : Chloride shift
17. What is Bohr’s effect?
18. In what form carbon dioxide can be transported
19. What is Haldane effect?
20. List the types of hypoxia
21. Cyanosis
22. Effect of voluntary hyperventilation

SECTION: NERVOUS SYSTEM

Long Essay

•   Describe the origin,course,termination and functions ofpyramidal tract

Short Essays

1. Describe action potential in a nerve fiber
2. Draw a diagram of action potential recorded from a nerve fibre and explain its ionic basis
3.  What is saltatory conduction? Describe the classification of nerve fibers according to the rate of nerve conduction 
4. Describe the properties of sensory receptors 
5. Name the types of synapse  Explain any three properties of the synapse 
6. Draw and label a simple reflex arc  Name four reflexes 
7. Give the origin and termination of spinocerebellar tracts 
8. Add a note On its functions 
9.   Mention the names of ascending tracts What are the sensations carried by them? And where they will terminate?
10.   Name the ascending tracts of the spinal cord  Trace the pain pathway 
11. Pain pathway from face 
12.  Name the descending tracts of the spinal cord  Trace the course of the corticospinal tract 
13.  Differences between the upper motor neuron and lower motor
14. neuron lesion 
15.  Name the clinical differences between the upper motor lesion and
16. lower motor neuron lesion 
17.  Describe the pain pathway what is referred pain?
18. Describe the frontal lobe and its function?
19. List errors of refraction of the eye
20. Types of neuron
21. Functions of the tympanic membrane
22. Rinne’s test
23.   Referred pain 
24.  Mention the functions of the hypothalamus and explain any two
25. functions 
26.  Enumerate the functions of the hypothalamus 
27.   Draw a diagram showing Brodman’s cerebral cortical areas  Mention their respective functions 
28.   What is a conditioned reflex? Explain with example 
29.  Explain the formation, circulation, and functions of CSF 
30.  What are the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system? Enumerate their actions on the heart 
31. Structure of neuron with a diagram
32.  Babinski sign
33. Name the ascending tract & what is the sensation carried by them
34.  Where will they terminate
35.  Name the tract for the sensation of fine touch and its course and termination
36. The descending tract of spinal cord
37. Trace course. Of corticospinal tract
38. Explain theories of referred pain
39.  Draw diagram showing brodmans cerebral cortical areas and mention their function
40.    division of the ANS and their action on the heart
41.  Define all or none law in a neuron
42.  Properties of sensory receptors
43. Draw a diagram of synapse and labeled it
44.  Types of nerve fibers
45.  Name any four mechano receptor
46.  Properties of reflex
47.  Function of cerebellum
48.  Features of cerebellar lesion
49. The disease of basal ganglia
50.  Csf
51. Lumbar puncture
52.  Pathway for smell sensation
53.  Visual receptor and their function s
54. What is the visual and auditory area
55.  What is myopia how it is correct ed
56. Signs of UMN and LMN lesions
57. Name types of neuralgia
58. Name the primary color vision
59. hypermetropia
60. Difference between UMN and  LMN lesions
61. Compare the effects of sympathetic stimulation on the heart with parasympathetic stimulation 

Short Answers

1.  Stretch reflex 
2. Define:(a)Paraplegia,(b)Hemiplegia 
3.   Types of nerve fibres 
4.   Conduction of impulse in myelinated nerve fibers 
5.   Saltatory conduction 
6.   Name any four mechanorecptors 
7.   Explain any two properties of synapse 
8.   Reflex action 
9.   Draw and label the components of a reflex arc 
10.   Properties of reflexes 
11.   Name three ascending tracts and specify what sensation is carried by each of them 
12.   Name the ascending tracts of spinal cord 
13.   Name the ascending tracts conducting crude touch and finetouch 

1.   Draw a diagram of pathway for pain sensation from the face        Pathway for pain 
2.   Referred pain 
3.   Define referred pain and give two examples 
4.   What is premotor area and Broca’s area?
5.   State four functions of thalamus 
6.   Mention the functions of hypothalamus 
7.   Functions of cerebellum 
8.   Parkinson’s disease 
9.   Lumbar puncture 

SECTION: SPECIAL SENSES

Short Essays

1. Describe the visual pathway with the help of a neat diagram
2.   Draw a diagram of visual pathway and describe the effects of lesions at different levels 
3.   What is meant by accommodation reflex? What are the changes that takes place in the eyes during accommodation reflex 
4.   List the changes in the eye during accommodation to near
5. vision   Give a diagram of visual pathway 
6. Name errors of refraction and explain the corrections with the help of diagram

1.   What are the contents and functions of middle ear?
2. Explain the tympanic reflex 
3.   Types and tests for deafness 
4.   Draw and label the parts of a taste bud 
5. ,Trace the pathway for taste with the help of a diagram 
6.   Trace the pathway for smell sensation 

Short Answers

1.  Functions of aqueous humor 
2. Cerebrospinal Fluid
3.   Mention the receptors for vision and its function 
4.   Draw the visual pathway 
5.   Color vision 
6.   Mention the four refractive errors of eye and how it is corrected 
7. Organ of Corti 
8.   Auditory pathway 
9.   Mention the functions of middle ear 
10.   Describe the taste pathway 
11.   Draw the diagram of taste pathway 
12.   What are the primary taste sensations?
13.   Draw the diagram of olfactory pathway 

SECTION: MISCELLANEOUS

Short Answer

Vitamin C-sources and action