PART- I GENERAL MICROBIOLOGY
{ HISTOLOGICAL INTRODUCTION, MORPHOLOGY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF BACTERIA, STERILIZATION, CULTURE MEDIA, IDENTIFICATION OF BACTERIA, BACTERIAL TOXONOMY,BACTERIAL GENETICS}
LONG ESSAYS:
1. Discuss the morphology of bacterial cell with a diagram and state briefly, add a note on cell wall of bacteria.
2. Discuss the different structures of bacterial cell with a neat-labelled diagram.
3. Define sterilization, classify various methods of sterilization and describe in detail about dry heat sterilization in dental practice.
4. Define and classify sterilization methods and explain about physical methods of sterilization.
5. Define sterilization and classify various methods of sterilization and state briefly about moist heat sterilization.
6. Define sterilization and classify them, explain the chemical methods of sterilization.
7. Discuss sterilization and disinfectants, write briefly on chemical disinfectants.
8. Define and classify sterilization, describe briefly the various techniques of moist heat sterilization. Add a brief note on autoclave.
9. Define culture media and classify them with suitable examples, write briefly on selective media and anaerobic culture methods.
SHORT ESSAYS:
1. Louis Pasteur.
2. Robert koch (Postulates).
3. Bacterial growth curve.
4. Bacterial spore.
5. Flagella.
6. Classification of bacteria morphologically.
7. Cell wall of bacteria.
8. Bacterial capsule.
9. Acid fast staining.
10. Z-N stain.
11. Autoclave.
12. Various methods of sterilization.
13. Disinfectants.
14. Sterilization of heat.
15. Moist heat sterilization.
16. Chemical sterilization and disinfectants.
17. Antiseptics and disinfectants.
18. Hot air oven.
19. Indicator media.
20. Enriched media.
22. Enrichment media.
23. PCR.
24. Anaerobic culture methods.
25. Transport media.
26. McIntosh Filde’s anaerobic jar.
27. Urease test.
28. Gene transfer and write briefly about methods of gene transfer.
29. Transduction.
VERY SHORTS:
1. Koch’s postulates.
2. Dark field microscope.
3. Louis Pasteur and mention his contributions.
4. Bacterial growth curve.
5. AFB stain.
6. Bacterial capsules.
7. Flagella.
8. Cell wall of bacteria.
9. Name the capsulated bacteria.
10. Mention three-gram positive bacilli.
11. Various staining techniques in microbiology.
12. Draw a neat labelled diagram of bacterial spore.
13. Types of spores.
14. Z-N stain.
15. Bacterial drug resistance.
16. Bacterial pleomorphism.
17. Importance of gram stain.
18. Define sterilization.
19. Seitz filter.
20. Disinfectants.
21. Different methods of sterilization.
22. Gaseous disinfectant uses.
23. Hot air oven.
24. Hot air oven.
25. Enrichment media.
26. Mention four selective media and their uses.
27. Two enriched media.
28. Two transport media.
29. Anaerobic culture methods.
30. Bacterial genetics.
31. Indole test.
32. Intermediate host with suitable examples.
33. Transfer factors.
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PART- II IMMUNOLOGY
{INFECTION, IMMUNITY, ANTIGENS, IMMUNOGLOBULINS, ANTIGEN ANTIBODY REACTIONS, COMPLEMENT SYSTEM, IMMUNE SYSTEM, IMMUNE RESPONSE, IMMUNO- DEFICIENCY DISEASES, HYPERSENSITIVITY, AUTOIMMUNITY AND TRANSPLANTATION}
LONG ESSAYS:
1. Discuss the infections transmitted by blood and it’s products and explain in detail about anyone.
2. Define and classify immunity, describe acquired immunity and explain in detail about active immunity.
3. Define antibodies and classify them, write in detail about structure and functions of IgG immunoglobulins.
4. Define and classify hypersensitivity and write in detail about type-1 hypersensitivity reactions.
5. Define hypersensitivity and classify them, explain in detail about the types of hypersensitivity.
6. Define hypersensitivity and classify them and write in detail about delayed hypersensitivity and add a note in anaphylaxis.
7. Define and classify hypersensitivity and explain in detail about the principle and mechanism of hypersensitivity reactions.
SHORT ESSAYS:
1. Nosocomial infections.
2. Differences between endotoxins and exotoxins.
3. Acquired immunity.
4. Differences between active and passive immunity.
5. Explain in detail about passive immunity.
6. Define innate immunity and write it’s mechanism.
7. Heterophile antigens.
8. Various classes of immunoglobulins.
9. Write the structure and properties of IgG.
10. Structure of immunoglobulins.
11. Structure and functions of IgM.
12. Immunoelectrophoresis.
13. ELISA.
14. Describe briefly the classical pathway of complement system.
15. Alternative pathway of complement system.
16. Differences between B and T cells.
17. Major histocompatibility complex (MHC)
18. Cytokines.
19. Anaphylaxis.
20. Delayed hypersensitivity.
21. Type – III Hypersensitivity.
22. Arthus reaction.
23. Type – II Hypersensitivity reactions.
24. Autoimmunity.
25. Graft – host reactions.
26. Histocompatibility antigens.
VERY SHORTS:
1. Sources of infections.
2. Hospital infections.
3. Exotoxins and endotoxins.
4. Importance of nosocomial infections.
5. Active immunity and it’s types with examples.
6. Mention four vaccines.
7. Differences between active and passive immunity.
8. Haptens.
9. Define antigen.
10. Secretory IgA.
11. IgM.
12. Draw a diagram of IgA antibody.
13. Functions of IgG.
14. Immunofluorescence tests.
15. ELISA.
16. Agglutination tests.
17. Zoonotic diseases.
18. Lymphokines.
19. Adjuvants.
20. Immunological tolerance.
21. Serum sickness.
22. Atopy.
23. Anaphylaxis.
24. Arthus reaction.
25. Coombs test.
26. Role of immunity in tumours.
27. Immunosurveillance.
PART- III SYSTEMIC BACTERIOLOGY
{ STAPHYLOCOCCUS, STREPTOCOCCUS, PNEUMOCOCCUS, NEISSERIA, CORYNEBACTERIUM, BACILLUS, CLOSTRIDIUM, NONSPORING ANAEROBES, ENTEROBACTERIACEAE, SHIGELLA, SALMONELLA, VIBRIO, CAMPYLOBACTER, HELICOBACTER, MOBILUNCUS, PSEUDOMONAS, STENOTROPHOMONAS, BURKHOLDERIA, YERSINIA, LEGIONELLA, HAEMOPHILUS, BORDETELLA, BRUCELLA, MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS, NON-TUBERCULOUS MYCOBACTERIA, MYCOBACTERIUM LEPRAE, SPIROCHAETES, MYCOPLASMA AND UREAPLASMA, ACTINOMYCETES, MISCELLANEOUS BACTERIA, RICKETTSIA, ORIENTIA, COXIELLA, EHRLICHIA, CHLAMYDIA AND CHALMYDOPHILA}
LONG ESSAYS:
1. Classify staphylococci. Discuss the morphology, cultural characteristics and reactions of staphylococci aureus and describe the pathological lesions caused by staphylococci.
2. Classify staphylococci, Discuss the morphology, cultural characteristics, pathogenesis, toxins and virulence factors of staphylococcus aureus.
3. Classify Streptococci. Write in detail about pathogenesis and laboratory diagnosis of streptococcus pyogenes infections.
4. Enumerate the causative agents of sore throat. Describe the pathogenesis, lab diagnosis and complications of streptococcal pharyngitis.
5. Describe in detail any non- suppurative complications of post streptococcal pyogenic infections.
6. Enumerate the organisms causing sore throat. Explain in detail about the pathogenesis and laboratory diagnosis of Corynebacterium diphtheria.
7. Discuss the morphology, cultural characteristics and lab diagnosis of Corynebacterium diphtheria. State briefly about immunization.
8. Classify Clostridium. Explain the morphology, cultural characteristics, pathogenesis and write the prophylaxis of tetanus.
9. Classify non-sporing anaerobes, describe the lab diagnosis of infections caused by non sporing anaerobes.
10. Explain the morphology, aetiopathogenesis, lab diagnosis and mention the clinical features of enteric fever.
11. Discuss the organisms causing enteric fever and explain the pathogenesis and laboratory diagnosis of typhoid fever.
12. Describe detail laboratory diagnosis of diarrhoea caused by E.coli and state briefly about urinary tract infections caused by E.coli.
13. Explain the morphology, cultural characteristics, lab diagnosis and toxins of vibrio cholera. State briefly about cholera.
14. Discuss the morphology, cultural characteristics and pathogenesis of mycobacterium tuberculosis. Describe the lab diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis.
SHORT ESSAYS:
1. Staphylococcus aureus.
2. Coagulase test.
3. Group- B Streptococci.
4. Streptococcus pyogenes.
5. Lancefield grouping.
6. Lab diagnosis of streptococcal pharyngitis.
7. Differences between streptococcal pneumoniae and streptococcal viridians.
8. Pneumococcus- Morphology and cultural characteristics.
9. Lab diagnosis of pneumococcal infections.
10. Lab diagnosis of Neisseria gonorrhoeae.
11. Non- gonococcal urethritis.
12. Bacillus anthracis.
13. Bacillus cereus- food poisoning.
14. Nagler reaction.
15. Lab diagnosis and prophylaxis of tetanus.
16. Lab diagnosis of clostridium botulism.
17. Non sporing anaerobes.
18. Lab diagnosis of typhoid.
19. Widal test.
21. Enterotoxins of escherichia coli.
22. Bacillary dysentery.
23. Lab diagnosis of enteric fever.
24. Cholera.
25. Helicobacter pylori.
26. Yersinia pestis.
27. Haemophilus influenza.
28. Bordetella pertussis.
29. Lab diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis.
30. BCG vaccine.
31. Lab diagnosis of mycobacterium leprae.
32. Lepromin test.
33. Lab diagnosis of syphilis.
34. Serological tests for syphilis.
35. Congenital syphilis.
36. Actinomycetes.
VERY SHORTS:
1. coagulase test.
2. MRSA.
3. Name four infections caused by staphylococcus.
4. Antigenic structures of staphylococcus aureus.
5. Group- D Streptococci.
6. Group- B Streptococci.
7. CAMP reaction.
8. Viridians Streptococci.
9. Alpha hemolytic Streptococci.
10. Toxins of Streptococci.
11. Diseases caused by streptococcus pyogenes.
12. Streptococcus mutants.
13. Non- suppurative lesions caused by streptococcus pyogenes.
14. Bacteria causing meningitis.
15. Toxigenicity tests for corynebacterium diphtheria.
16. Eleks gel precipitation test.
17. DPT vaccine.
18. Diphtheroids.
19. Bacillus cereus.
20. Anthracoid bacilli.
21. Clostridium difficile.
22. Prophylaxis of tetanus.
23. Name the organisms causing gas gangrene.
24. Lock jaw.
25. Mantoux test.
26. Anaerobic cocci.
27. Bacteroids.
28. Mention four non sporing anaerobes.
29. Widal test.
30. Klebsiella pneumoniae.
31. E.coli.
32. Whooping cough.
33. BCG vaccine.
34. Yersinia pestis.
35. Haemophilus ducreyi.
36. Tuberculin test.
37. VDRL.
38. RPR ( Rapid plasma reagin).
39. Borrelia Vincentii.
40. Ureaplasma urealyticum.
41. Nocardia.
42. Weil-felix reaction.
43. Important Actinomycosis lesions.
44. Oral lesions of syphilis.
45. Chamydial infections.
PART- IV VIROLOGY
{ GENERAL PROPERTIES OF VIRUSES, DNA VIRUSES, RNA VIRUSES, HEPATITIS VIRUSES, RETROVIRUSES: HIV, BACTERIOPHAGES}
LONG ESSAYS:
1. Describe the picorna viruses. Write the pathogenesis and lab diagnosis of poliomyelitis and a note on it’s prophylaxis.
SHORT ESSAYS:
1. cultivation of viruses.
2. Herpes simplex virus.
3. Polio vaccine.
4. Rabies vaccine.
5. Hepatitis B virus.
6. Opportunistic Infections associated with HIV.
7. Lab diagnosis of Hepatitis- B.
8. Bacteriophages.
9. Koplik’s spots.
10. HIV- Morphology, pathogenesis, lab diagnosis.
VERY SHORTS:
1. Cytomegalovirus.
2. EBV ( Epstein barr virus).
3. Varicella zoster virus.
4. Herpes simplex virus.
5. Inclusion bodies.
6. Arboviruses.
7. Polio vaccine.
8. Mumps.
9. Various methods of isolation of viruses.
10. RNA viruses.
11. Hepatitis- B virus.
12. HIV- mode of transmission.
13. Prophylaxis of poliomyelitis.
14. AIDS.
15. Live vaccines.
16. HIV prophylaxis.
17. HIV infections.
18. Draw a neat labelled diagram of HIV structure.
PART- V MYCOLOGY
{ MEDICAL MYCOLOGY}
SHORT ESSAYS:
1. Candidiasis.
2. Rhinoporidiosis.
3. Mycetoma.
4. Opportunistic mycoses.
5. Dermatophytes.
6. Histoplasmosis.
7. Oral thrush.
VERY SHORTS:
1. Four opportunistic infections.
2. Dimorphic fungi.
3. Crytococcus neoformans.
4. Lesions caused by candida albicans.
5. Cryptococcosis.
6. Madura foot.
7. Pneumocystis jiroveci.
8. Diseases caused by candida.
9. Candidiasis.
10. Systemic mycosis.
11. Four oral fungal infections.
12. Oral thrush.
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PART- VI PARASITOLOGY
LONG ESSAYS:
1. Explain the various causes, pathogenesis and laboratory diagnosis of intestinal amoebiasis.
2. Discuss the morphology and life cycle of entamoeba histolytica and add a note on lab diagnosis of intestinal amoebiasis.
3. Describe the pathological lesions caused in man by malarial parasite and state briefly about life cycle of malarial parasites in man.
4. Describe the common tapeworms and explain the morphology, life cycle and lab diagnosis of taenia solium.
5. Write in detail about the life cycle, pathogenesis and lab diagnosis of ancylostoma duodenale.
6. Write the morphology, life cycle and pathogenesis of wuchereria brancrofti and add a note in diagnosis of filariasis.
SHORT ESSAYS:
1. Entamoeba histolytica.
2. Ancylostoma duodenale.
3. Life cycle of plasmodium vivax in mosquito.
4. Lab diagnosis of malaria.
5. Microfilaria.
6. Life cycle of entamoeba histolytica.
7. Life cycle of plasmodium falciparum.
8. Pathogenesis and clinical features of ancylostoma duodenale.
9. Life cycle of ancylostoma duodenale.
10. Lab diagnosis of intestinal amoebiasis.
VERY SHORTS:
1. Black water fever.
2. Plasmodium vivax.
3. Entamoeba histolytica.
4. Extra intestinal amoebiasis.
5. Gametocyte.
6. Entamoeba gingivitis.
7. Kala azar.
8. Draw a neat labelled diagram of ascaris lumbricoides.
9. Hydatid cyst.
10. Mention four tapeworms.
11. Hookworm infestations.
12. Trichomonas vaginalis.
13. Giardia lamblia.
PART- VII ORAL MICROBIOLOGY
SHORT ESSAYS:
1. Periodontal diseases.
2. Dental caries.
3. Importance of Streptococci in dental caries.
4. Normal microbial flora in mouth.
VERY SHORTS:
1. Dental abscess.
2. Dental plaque.
3. Prevention of dental caries.
4. Acute ulcerative gingivitis.
5. Endodontics infections.
6. Anaerobes in oral infections.
7. Bacterial flora of the oral cavity.
8. Oral microbial flora.
PART- VIII CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY
LONG ESSAYS:
1. Describe the causative agents of bacterial meningitis and state briefly it’s lab diagnosis.
2. Write the pathogenesis, lab diagnosis and complications of streptococcal pharyngitis and discuss the causative agents of sore throat.
3. Mention the causative agents of infective endocarditis. Describe it’s lab diagnosis.
SHORT ESSAYS:
1. Bacterial vaccines.
2. Live attenuated vaccines.
3. Killed vaccines.
4. Toxoids.
5. Passive immunization
6. Various blood group systems and describe Rh blood group system.
7. Haemolytic diseases in newborn.
8. Oral antiseptics.
9. Triple vaccines.
VERY SHORTS:
1. Four viral vaccines.
2. Complications of blood transfusions.
3. Triple vaccines.
4. Precautions against blood borne viruses in dental practice.
5. Mention four blood borne viral infections.
6. Septicemia.
7. Bacteremia.
8. Sexually transmitted diseases.
