PATHOLOGY
PART-1 CELL IN HEALTH AND DISEASE
{INTRODUCTION TO PATHOLOGY, TECHNIQUES FOR THE STUDY OF PATHOLOGY, CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION, ETIOLOGY AND PATHOGENESIS OF DISEASE, INTRACELLULAR ACCUMULATIONS, AMYLOIDOSIS, GENETIC AND PAEDIATRIC DISEASES, ENVIRONMENTAL AND NUTRITIONAL DISEASES}
LONG ESSAYS:
1. Define gangrene and mention its types of gangrene. List the differences between dry and wet gangrene.
2. Draw an microscopic features of fatty liver and mention 4 fat stains, etiology and mechanism of fatty liver with exogenous and endogenous pigments.
SHORT ANSWERS:
1. Define necrosis and mention types of necrosis with examples.
2. Coagulative necrosis.
3. Etiology of cell injury.
4. Free radical injury.
5. Reversible and irreversible cell injury.
6. Caseous necrosis and mention it’s gross and microscopic features.
7. List 8 differences between of dry and wet gangrene.
8. Characteristic features of dry and wet gangrene.
9. Define gangrene and classify gangrene with examples.
10. Dystrophic calcification.
11. Define apoptosis and mention it’s mechanism.
12. List differences between necrosis and apoptosis.
13. Pathological calcification and classify them with examples.
14. Describe types of necrosis with examples.
15. Describe metastatic calcification.
16. Fatty liver causes and morphology.
17. Aetiopathogenesis and pathology of fatty changes.
18. Amyloidosis, classify them and describe the staining reaction of amyloid.
19. Sago spleen.
20. Explain pathological changes in amyloidosis.
21. Vitamin- D deficiency and it’s clinical features.
22. Kwashiorkor.
23. Scurvy.
24. Etiology and investigations in Vitamin-D deficiency.
25. Rickets.
VERY SHORTS:
1. Define necrosis with suitable examples.
2. Hyaline changes.
3. Antioxidants.
4. Free radicals.
5. Degeneration and cell death.
6. Types of necrosis with one example for each type.
7. Define gangrene and it’s types with one examples.
8. Fat necrosis.
9. Calcification with examples.
10. List 4 difference between dry and wet gangrene.
11. Exogenous pigments.
12. Fat stains.
13. Mention 4 endogenous pigments.
14. 3 nuclear features of necrosis.
15. Hyaline degeneration.
16. Lipofuscin.
17. Define amyloid and mention nature and sources of amyloid.
18. Mention special stains of amyloid.
19. Name four fibril proteins in amyloid.
19. List clinical features of Vitamin- D.
20. Kwashiorkar.
21. Turner syndrome.
22. Down syndrome.
23. Klinefelters syndrome.
24. Glycogen storage disorders.
25. Define rickets and skeletal lesions of rickets.
26. Manifestations of Vitamin-A.
27. Osteomalacia.
28. Scurvy and manifestations of scurvy.
29. Vitamin- C deficiency clinical features.
30. Protein-energy malnutrition.
PART- II INFLAMMATION,HEALING, IMMUNITY AND INFECTIONS
{ ACUTE AND CHRONIC INFLAMMATION, GRANULOMATOUS INFLAMMATION, HEALING IF TISSUES, IMMUNITY AND HYPERSENSITIVITY, INFECTION AND INFLAMMATION}
LONG ESSAYS:
1. Define inflammation, enumerate the vascular events of inflammation.
2. Define inflammation, describe the cellular events of inflammation.
3. Define inflammation. Describe the chemical mediators in inflammation and the processes of phagocytosis and chemotaxis.
4. Define inflammation, describe the cardinal signs of inflammation and state briefly on vascular changes of inflammation.
5. Classify leprosy. Discuss the morphology of tuberculoid leprosy. Add a brief note on complications of leprosy.
6. Describe aetiopathogenesis of tuberculosis. Discuss the complications of secondary tuberculosis.
7. Explain the epidemiology pathogenesis and morphology of primary tuberculosis.
8. Define fracture, Types of fractures and discuss the healing of a fracture. Mention the factors interfere with this process.
9. Describe primary and secondary healing processes.
10. Define healing of wound by primary intention and list 10 differences between primary and secondary union.
11. Define repair and mechanism of repair by primary intention and factors influencing healing.
SHORT ESSAYS:
1. Phagocytosis.
2. Cellular events of inflammation.
3. Vascular events in acute inflammation.
4. Chemical mediators of inflammation with two actions of each.
5. Chemotaxis.
6. Giant cells.
7. Granuloma.
8. Granulomatous inflammation with examples.
9. Classify leprosy.
10. Oral manifestations of syphilis.
11. Classify syphilis.
12. Congenital syphilis and mention it’s features.
13. Actinomycosis and state briefly about cervicofacial actinomycosis.
14. Laboratory diagnosis of tuberculosis.
15. Microscopic features of lepromatous leprosy.
16. Primary complex (Ghons focus).
17. Mechanism of healing by primary intention.
18. Healing by secondary intention.
19. Neo angiogenesis.
20. Fracture healing.
21. Factors influencing repair.
22. Differences between the primary and secondary healing.
23. Cell mediated immunity.
24. B- lymphocytes.
25. Type-1 hypersensitivity reaction.
26. Anaphylaxis.
27. Candidiasis.
28. Bacterial food poisoning.
VERY SHORTS:
1. Signs of inflammation.
2. Lymphokines.
3. Abscess.
4. Phagocytosis.
5. Giant cells.
6. Chemotaxis.
7. Cardinal signs of inflammation.
8. Role of histamine in inflammation.
9. Opsonization.
10. Suppuration.
11. Define granuloma with four examples of granulomatous diseases.
12. Ghons focus.
13. Lepromin test.
14. Lepra reaction.
15. Define tuberculoid granuloma and give four examples.
16. Chancre.
17. Define primary complex and describe it’s gross morphology.
18. Morphology of granuloma.
19. Pathological lesions of congenital syphilis.
20. Gumma.
21. Mantoux test.
22. Primary tuberculosis.
23. Miliary tuberculosis.
24. Cervicofacial actinomycosis.
25. Microscopy of lepromatous leprosy.
26. Complications of wound healing.
27. Factors delaying wound healing.
28. Sequential stages in wound healing by primary intention.
29. Granulation tissue.
30. Causes for non- healing of a fracture.
31. Routes of transmission of HIV.
32. Type-3 hypersensitivity reaction.
33. Diseases of immunity.
34. Microscopy of rhinoporidiosis.
35. Oral candidiasis.
36. Amboina.
37. Titanium.
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PART-III FLUID AND HEMODYNAMIC DISORDERS
{DEARANGEMENTS OF BODY FLUIDS AND ELECTROLYTES, SHOCK,THROMBOSIS, ISCHEMIA AND INFARCTION}
LONG ESSAYS:
1. Define edema and aetiopathogenesis of edema.
2. Define edema and pathogenetic classification of edema with examples and list differences between transudate and exudate.
3. Define edema and discuss the mechanism of edema and causes of renal edema.
4. Define shock and describe the various types of shock and explain the pathology of shock.
5. Define shock. Aetiopathogenesis of septic shock.
6. Define thrombosis. Discuss the aetiopathogenesis of thrombosis and add a note on fate of thrombus.
7. Define thrombosis and describe the pathogenesis of thrombus and state briefly the complications of thrombus.
8. Define thrombosis and mention the various types and describe the fate of thrombus.
9. Define embolism and types of embolism and describe pulmonary embolism.
10. Define infarction and it’s types. Write the aetiopathogenesis of infarct.
SHORT ESSAYS:
1. Pulmonary oedema.
2. Differences between transudate and exudate.
3. Define oedema and describe its types and pathogenesis.
4. Renal edema and discuss it’s pathogenesis.
5. Describe the stages of shock.
6. Septic shock.
7. Define shock and types of shock with one example for each type.
8. Gross and microscopic features of CVC liver.
9. Classify and write the mechanism of shock in burns.
10. Discuss the morphology of lung in shock.
11. Define embolism and describe thromboembolism.
12. Thrombosis and state briefly on fate of thrombus.
13. Pulmonary embolism.
14. Fat embolism.
15. Define thrombosis and describe the causes and fate of thrombus.
16. Gross and microscopic features of splenic infarct and mention it’s causes.
17. List the differences between red and white infarct.
VERY SHORTS:
1. Types of oedema.
2. Enumerate four differences between exudate and transudate.
3. Nutmeg liver.
4. Heart failure cells (Cvc lung)
5. Four differences between red and pale infarct.
6. Gross and microscopic features of CVC lung.
7. Neurogenic shock.
8. Irreversible shock.
9. Define thrombus.
10. Fate of thrombus.
11. Decompression sickness.
12. Infarct spleen.
13. Caissons disease.
14. Define infarction and describe it’s etiology.
15. Types of infractions.
16. Causes of ischemia.
17. Causes of splenic infarct.
18. Lines of zahn.
19. Causes of thrombophilia.
20. Gross and microscopic features of splenic infarct.
PART- IV GROWTH DISORDERS OF NEOPLASIA
{ CELLULAR ADAPTATIONS, NEOPLASIA (General aspects of neoplasia, Etiologyand pathogenesisof neoplasia, Host tumour relationship and diagnosis of neoplasms, common specific tumors) }
LONG ESSAYS:
1. Define neoplasia and compare and contrast between benign and malignant tumors. Add a note on various methods of spread of tumors.
2. Define neoplasia, classify oncogenic viruses and discuss the role of virus in coxinogenesis.
3. Define neoplasia and classify tumors, explain the differences between malignant and benign tumors.
4. Enumerate neoplasia and explain in detail the spread of malignancy.
5. Describe carcinogenesis and explain in detail the chemical carcinogenesis.
6. Enumerate viral carcinogenesis.
SHORT ESSAYS:
1. Define adaptation and types of adaptations with examples.
2. State briefly atrophy and mention it’s causes and factors of atrophy.
3. Hyperplasia and enumerate it’s pathological and psychological causes.
4. Define metaplasia and mention the types of metaplasia with examples.
5. Add a note on dysplasia.
6. Precancerous lesions of oral cavity.
7. Metastasis.
8. Define oncogenesis and discuss the mode of oncogenesis by chemical carcinogens.
9. Oncogenic viruses.
10. Discuss carcinogenesis due to ionizing radiation and mention the types of physical carcinogens.
11. Chemical carcinogens.
18. Enumerate cytology methods.
19. Oncogenes.
20. Basal cell carcinoma.
22 squamous cell carcinoma.
23. Discuss gross and microscopic features of basal cell carcinoma.
24. List the differences between malignant and benign tumors.
25. Classify various tumors.
26. Laboratory diagnosis of cancer by different methods.
VERY SHORTS:
1. Define hypertrophy with examples.
2. Atrophy and it’s etiology.
3. Dysplasia.
4. Mesenchymal tumors with examples.
5. Routes of metastasis with suitable examples.
6. Define metastasis with examples.
7. Explain the staging of cancer.
8. Differences between benign and malignant tumors.
9. Mention four examples of chemical carcinogens.
10. Four oncogenic DNA viruses.
11. Precancerous lesions.
12. Carcinogens.
13. Burkitts lymphoma.
14. Para neoplastic syndromes.
15. Adenocarcinoma.
16. Mention four characteristics of benign and malignant tumors.
17. Cystic hygroma.
18. Hodgkin’s lymphoma and mention it’s types.
19. Mention the pathways of spread if malignant tumors.
20. Basal cell carcinoma.
PART- V DISEASES OF BLOOD 《HEMATOLOGY AND LYMPHORETICULAR TISSUES 》
{ DISEASES OF RBC, DISEASES OF WBC [Disorders of erythroid series anemia, Disorders of platelets bleeding disorders and basic transfusion medicine, Disorders of leukocytes and lymphoreticular tissues] }
LONG ESSAYS:
1. Define anemia, state briefly it’s etiology classification and discuss peripheral smear and bone marrow findings of megaloblastic anemia and mention it’s clinical features.
2. Define and classify anemia. Explain the aetiopathogenesis, laboratory diagnosis and peripheral blood picture of iron deficiency anaemia.
3. Define leukemia and classify them. Enumerate the blood and bone marrow picture of chronic myeloid leukemia.
4. Define and classify leukemia. Discuss the peripheral blood and bone marrow findings in acute myeloid leukemia.
SHORT ESSAYS:
1. Explain lab diagnosis and clinical features of anemia.
2. Iron deficiency anaemia.
3. Megaloblastic anaemia.
4. Enumerate macrocytic anaemia and describe causes, blood and bone marrow findings.
5. Write the laboratory investigation and blood picture findings in iron deficiency anaemia.
6. Laboratory diagnosis of megaloblastic anaemia.
7. Etiology of macrocytic anaemia and discuss the peripheral blood and bone marrow in Vitamin- B12 deficiency anaemia.
8. Define thalassemia and state briefly about beta thalassemia.
9. Aplastic anaemia.
10. Laboratory findings in folic acid deficiency anaemia.
11. Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP).
12. Hemophilia.
13. Explain disseminated intravascular coagulation and discuss it’s aetiopathogenesis.
14. Discuss laboratory diagnosis of chronic myeloid leukemia.
15. Leukemoid reaction.
16. Blood picture and peripheral smear findings in acute myeloid leukemia.
17. Peripheral smear findings and bone marrow findings in leukemia.
18. Enumerate multiple myeloma and mention it’s laboratory diagnosis, blood and bone marrow and urine findings.
19. Classify leukemia.
20. Acute myeloid leukemia.
VERY SHORTS:
1. Packed cell volume.
2. Define anemia and state it’s clinical features.
3. Aplastic anemia and it’s etiology.
4. Pernicious anemia.
5. Pancytopenia and mention it’s four causes.
6. ESR.
7. Sickling test.
8. Reticulocyte.
9. Beta thalassemia major.
10. Hereditary spherocytosis.
11. Anemia of blood loss.
12. Normoblasts.
13. Mention 4 causes of iron deficiency anemia.
14. Megaloblast.
15. Etiology of Vitamin- B12.
16. Agranulocytes.
17. Iron deficiency anemia.
18. Myeloblast.
19. Complications of blood transfusions.
20. Bleeding disorders.
21. Mention 4 causes of leukocytosis.
22. Define eosinophilia and it’s etiology.
23. Hemophilia- A
24. Polycythemia vera.
25. Philadelphia chromosome and it’s clinical significance.
26. Multiple myeloma.
27. Leukemoid reaction.
28. Thrombocytopenia.
29. Bleeding time and mention 4 causes of prolonged bleeding time.
30. Bleeding from gums.
31. Von will brand’s disease.
32. Infectious mononucleosis.
33. Peripheral blood smear findings in acute lymphatic leukemia.
34. Acute leukemia clinical features.
35. Bence Jones proteins.
36. Reese Sternberg cell.
37. Hodgkin’s disease.
38. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia.
39. What is neutropenia.
40. Acute leukemia- peripheral blood and findings.
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PART- VI SYSTEMIC PATHOLOGY
{ DISEASES OF CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM, DISEASES OF ORAL CAVITY AND SALIVARY GLANDS, DIABETES MELLITUS, COMMON DISEASES OF BONES }
LONG ESSAYS:
1. State briefly about diabetes mellitus and describe the laboratory diagnosis and it’s complications.
SHORT ESSAYS:
1. Leukoplakia.
2. Complications of diabetes mellitus.
3. State briefly about dental caries.
4. Pathogenesis of type-1 diabetes mellitus.
5. Mention the acute metabolic complications of diabetes mellitus.
6. Diabetic ketoacidosis.
7. Pleomorphic adenoma of salivary glands.
8. Cancrum oris.
9. State briefly about benign and malignant tumors of salivary glands.
10. Chronic osteomyelitis.
11. Pyogenic osteomyelitis.
12. Define osteosarcoma and add a note on it’s morphology, pathology and radiological findings.
13. Gross and microscopic features of osteosarcoma.
14. Define osteosarcoma and state briefly clinical features X-rays findings and morphology.
15. Sequestrum.
VERY SHORTS:
1. Atheromatous plaque.
2. Syphilitic lesions in oral cavity.
3. Leukoplakia.
4. List the complications of diabetes mellitus.
5. Hyperlipidemia.
6. Atheroma.
7. Glycosuria.
8. Odontomas.
9. Osteoporosis.
10. Ameloblastoma.
11. Sequestrum.
12. Benedict’s test.
13. Osteomyelitis.
14. Lobar pneumonia.
15. Diabetic ketoacidosis.
16. Define leukoplakia and mention its causes of morphology.
17. Pleomorphic adenoma.
18. Name three malignant and three benign tumors of salivary glands.
19. Explain leukoplakia of mouth.
20. What is pleomorphism.
21. Microscopy of ameloblastoma.
22. Define osteomyelitis and it’s clinical features.
23. Acute pyogenic osteomyelitis.
24. Microscopic features of osteoclastoma.
25. Gross and microscopic features of osteosarcoma.
