Physiology Question Bank

PHYSIOLOGY

UNIT-1 GENERAL PHYSIOLOGY

{Cell, Cell junctions, transport through cell membrane, Homeostasis}

SHORT ANSWERS:

  • Structure of cell membrane.
  • Functions of mitochondria.
  • Ribosomes.
  • Microtubules.
  • Nucleus- Structure and functions.
  • Cell junction.
  • Facilitated or carrier mediated diffusion.
  • Active transport.
  • Feedback mechanisms (+ve, -ve)
  • Passive immunity.

VERY SHORTS:

  • Composition of cell membrane.
  • Draw a neat labeled diagram of cell membrane.
  •  Functions of cell membrane.
  • Organelles with limiting membrane.
  • Lysosomes.
  • Peroxisomes.
  • Functions of Nucleus.
  • Tight junction.
  • Gap junction.
  • Simple diffusion.
  • Pinocytosis.
  • Phagocytosis.
  • Examples of +ve and –ve feedback mechanism.

UNIT- 2 BLOOD AND BODY FLUIDS

{Body fluids, Blood, Plasma proteins, Red blood cells, Erythropoiesis, Hemoglobin, Erythrocyte sedimentation rate and packed cell volume, Anemia, Hemolysis and fragility of red blood cells, White blood cells, Immunity, Platelets, Hemostasis, Coagulation of Blood, Blood groups, Blood transfusion, Reticuloendothelial system, Tissue macrophage and spleen, Lymphatic system and lymph, Tissue fluid and edema}

LONG ESSAYS:

  • Define Blood? Enumerate under following headings: Properties of blood, composition of blood and functions of blood.
  • Describe plasma proteins. Discuss their properties and functions in detail.
  • Define erythropoiesis? Mention the sites of erythropoiesis. Write in detail about stages of erythropoiesis and factors necessary for erythropoiesis.
  • Describe in detail about erythropoiesis.
  • Define blood coagulation? Discuss in detail about the intrinsic pathway of blood coagulation.
  • Explain blood group systems in detail.
  • What is blood coagulation? Explain the mechanism involved in coagulation and state briefly about anticoagulants.
  • Discuss extrinsic mechanism of coagulation of blood, explain briefly about bleeding disorders.

SHORT ANSWERS:

  • Functions of blood.
  • Functions of plasma protein.
  • Properties and functions of RBC.
  • Reticulocyte.
  • Maturation factors.
  • Stages of erythropoiesis.
  • Functions of hemoglobin.
  • Erythrocyte sedimentation rate.
  • Classification of anemia.
  • Vitamin B12 deficiency (Pernicious anemia).
  • Fragility test.
  • Classification of WBC (Leukocytes).
  • Morphology and functions of WBC.
  • T Lymphocytes.
  • B Lymphocytes.
  • Functions of platelets.
  • Hemostasis and it’s stages.
  • Hemophilia.
  • Transfusion reaction due to rh incompatibility.
  • Hemolytic disease of fetus and newborn.
  • Erythroblastosis fetalis.
  • ABO blood groups.
  • Rh factor.
  • Functions of spleen.
  • Edema and it’s types.

VERY SHORTS:

  • Measurement of ECF.
  • Dehydration- causes and signs & symptoms.
  • Overhydration.
  • Volume of blood.
  • Composition of blood.
  • Mention 2 functions of plasma proteins.
  • Lifespan of RBC.
  • Fate of RBC.
  • Functions of RBC.
  • Rouleaux formation.
  • Packed cell volume.
  • Polycythemia vera.
  • Variations in size of RBC.
  • Hemolysis.
  • Name the stages of erythropoiesis.
  • Define ESR.
  • Packed cell volume and it’s methods.
  • Signs and symptoms of anemia.
  • Eosinophils.
  • Basophils.
  • Phagocytosis.
  • Acquired immunity and it’s types.
  • Autoimmune diseases.
  • Functions of platelets.
  • Mention the stages of hemostasis.
  • Blood coagulation.
  • Fibrinolysis.
  • Heparin.
  • Tests for clotting.
  • Anticoagulants.
  • Purpura.
  • Thrombosis.
  • Landsteiner’s law.
  • Matching and cross matching.
  • Lymphnodes and it’s functions.
  • Define tissue fluid and it’s processes.
  • Erythroblastosis fetalis.

UNIT-3 MUSCLE PHYSIOLOGY

{Classification of muscles, structures of skeletal muscle, Properties of skeletal muscle, Electrical and molecular changes during muscular contraction, Neuromuscular junction, Smooth muscle}

LONG ESSAYS:

  • Define neuromuscular junction, explain in detail about it’s structure, neuromuscular transmission and add a note on neuromuscular blockers.
  • Explain in detail about action potential.
  • Give a detail account on ionic basis of action potential.

SHORT ANSWERS:

  • Compare and contrast between skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscle fibers.
  • Sarcomere.
  • Contractile proteins of muscles.
  • Rigor mortis.
  • Refractory period.
  • Action potential.
  • Ionic basis of electrical events.
  • Excitation contraction coupling.
  • Motor unit.
  • Myasthenia gravis.
  • Structure of neuromuscular junction.
  • Neuromuscular transmission.

VERY SHORTS:

  • Differences between skeletal and cardiac muscle.
  • Differences between smooth and skeletal muscle.
  • Differences between cardiac and smooth muscle.
  • Myofibril.
  • Sarcotubular system.
  • Troponin.
  • Tropomyosin.
  • Sarcolemma.
  • Contractility and it’s types.
  • Fatigue.
  • Tetanus.
  • Muscle tone.
  • Frank starling law of muscle contraction.
  • Refractory period.
  • Draw a neat labeled diagram of NMJ.
  • Synaptic cleft.
  • Subneural cleft.
  • Neuromuscular blockers.
  • Endplate potential.
  • Actinomyosin complex.

UNIT-4 DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

{Overview of digestive system, Salivary secretion, Gastric secretion, Pancreatic secretion, Liver and biliary system, Functions and secretions of small intestine, Functions and secretion of large intestine, Movements of gastrointestinal tract. }

LONG ESSAYS:

  • Define gastric juice? Write it’s composition and functions in detail.
  • Define and classify salivary glands. Describe the composition, properties and functions of saliva. State briefly about regulation of salivary secretion.
  • Define gastric juice? Discuss in detail phases of gastric secretion and add a brief note on regulation of gastric secretion.
  • Describe the composition, functions and properties of pancreatic juice. Add a note on regulation of secretion of pancreatic juice.

SHORT ANSWERS:

  • Functions of saliva.
  • Regulation of salivary secretion.
  • Draw a neat labeled diagram of parasympathetic nerve fibers.
  • Reflex regulation of salivary secretion.
  • Composition and properties of gastric juice.
  • Regulation of gastric secretion.
  • Phases of gastric secretion.
  • Hormonal mechanism [Gastrin].
  • Properties and composition of pancreatic juice.
  • Secretin.
  • Enterohepatic circulation.
  • Functions of bile salts.
  • Functions of liver.
  • Functions of gall bladder.
  • Functions of small intestine.
  • Functions of large intestine.
  • Deglutition.

VERY SHORTS:

  • Auerbach’s plexus and it’s functions.
  • Composition of saliva.
  • Ph of salivary amylase.
  • Hyposalivation.
  • Hypersalivation.
  • Xerostomia.
  • Sjogren’s syndrome.
  • Define gastric juice.
  • Pavlov pouch.
  • Sham feeding.
  • Peptic ulcer and causes.
  • Gastritis.
  • Cholecystokinin.
  • Steatorrhoea.
  • Composition of bile.
  • Differences between liver bile and gall bladder bile.
  • Functions of liver.
  • Cirrhosis of liver.
  • Jaundice.
  • Succus entericus.
  • Gall stones.
  • Crypts of lieberkuhn.
  • Brunner’s glands.
  • 4 Functions of small intestine.
  • Diarrhea and it’s causes.
  • Constipation and it’s 4 causes.
  • Movements of stomach.
  • Peristalsis of stomach.
  • Movements of small intestine.
  • Defecation.

UNIT-5 RENAL PHYSIOLOGY AND SKIN

{Overview of kidney, Nephron, Juxtaglomerular apparatus, Renal circulation, Urine formation, Concentration of urine, Acidification of urine and role of kidney in acid-base balance, renal function tests, Micturition, Skin, Body temperature}

LONG ESSAYS:

  • Discuss in detail about the processes involved and different stages of urine formation. State briefly about the role of renal tubules in urine formation.
  • Describe counter current mechanism? Discuss the anatomical and physiological basis of countercurrent mechanism in kidney.
  • Describe the normal body temperature and explain regulation of body temperature in detail.
  • Draw a labeled diagram of nephron and describe the mechanism involved in the concentration of urine.

SHORT ANSWERS:

  • Functions of kidney.
  • Draw a neat labeled diagram of structure of nephron.
  • Parts of nephron.
  • Juxtaglomerular apparatus and it’s functions.
  • Renin-angiotensin system.
  • Regulation of renal blood flow.
  • Glomerular filtration.
  • Counter current multiplier.
  • Micturition reflex.
  • Plasma clearance.
  • Cystometrogram.
  • Structure of skin.
  • Functions of the skin.
  • Heat balance.
  • Regulation of body temperature.
  • Sebaceous gland.
  • Sweat glands.
  • Differences between eccrine and apocrine glands.

VERY SHORTS:

  • Layers of kidney.
  • 4 functions of kidney.
  • Renal corpuscle.
  • Types of nephron.
  • Reabsorption of bicarbonate in renal tubules.
  • Hormones acting on renal tubules.
  • Bowman’s capsule.
  • Collecting duct.
  • Juxtaglomerular cells.
  • Functions of juxtaglomerular apparatus.
  • Renal capillaries.
  • Autoregulation.
  • GFR-Glomerular filtration rate.
  • Factors affecting GFR.
  • Role of ADH.
  • Plasma clearance.
  • Role of renin in the regulation of blood pressure.
  • Nocturnal micturition.
  • Types of sweat glands.
  • Functions of skin.
  • Poikilothermic animals.
  • Homeothermic animals.
  • Body temperature.
  • Heat gain mechanism.

UNIT- 6 ENDOCRINOLOGY

{Overview of endocrine system, Pituitary gland, Thyroid gland, Parathyroid glands and physiology of bone, Endocrine functions of pancreas, Adrenal cortex, Adrenal Medulla, Endocrine Functions of other organs, Local hormones]

LONG ESSAYS:

  • Describe the hormones secreted by anterior pituitary gland. Explain their actions, regulation of secretion of growth hormone. Add a note on hypersecretion of anterior pituitary gland.
  • Explain thyroid gland under following headings: Hormones of thyroid gland, synthesis of thyroid hormones, storage of thyroid hormones and regulation and functions of thyroid hormone.
  • Define parathormone. Write the actions and regulation in detail. Add a note on applied physiology of parathyroid glands.
  • Enumerate the hormones secreted by adrenal cortex. Write their regulation of secretion and actions of cortisol.
  • Explain catecholamines. Describe their metabolism, synthesis and actions of catecholamines. State briefly about regulation of secretion of catecholamines.

SHORT ANSWERS:

  • Classify hormones.
  • Growth hormones.
  • Posterior pituitary.
  • Add a brief note on antidiuretic hormone.
  • Oxytocin.
  • Milk-ejection reflex.
  • Disorders of pituitary gland.
  • Synthesis of thyroid hormones.
  • Histology of thyroid gland.
  • Functions of thyroid hormones.
  • Goiter.
  • Hypocalcemic tetany.
  • Applied physiology disorders of PTH.
  • Calcium metabolism.
  • Regulation of blood calcium level.
  • Diseases of bone.
  • Osteoblasts.
  • Bone remodeling.
  • Insulin.
  • Glucagon.
  • Somatostatin.
  • Regulation of blood sugar level.
  • Type-II Diabetes mellitus.
  • Mineralocorticoids and it’s functions.
  • Glucocorticoids and it’s functions.
  • Cushing’s syndrome.
  • Hyperaldosteronism.
  • Synthesis of catecholamines.
  • Pheochromocytoma.
  • Thymus and it’s functions.
  • Atrial – Natriuretic peptide.
  • Prostaglandins.
  • Pineal gland functions.
  • Acetylcholine.

VERY SHORTS:

  • Hormones secreted by major endocrine glands.
  • Hormones secreted by gonads.
  • Anterior pituitary parts.
  • Growth hormone action on bones.
  • Somatomedin.
  • Factors which increases growth hormone secretion.
  • Factors decreasing growth hormone secretion.
  • Thyroid stimulating hormone [TSH].
  • Follicle-stimulating hormone [FSH].
  • Luteinizing hormones [LH].
  • Posterior pituitary hormones.
  • Gigantism.
  • Acromegaly.
  • Cushing’s disease.
  • Dwarfism.
  • Polyuria.
  • Acromicria.
  • Simmond’s disease.
  • Diabetes insipidus.
  • Hormones of thyroid gland.
  • Histology of thyroid gland.
  • List 4 functions of thyroid hormone.
  • Role of hypothalamus.
  • Hyperthyroidism / Grave’s disease.
  • Hypothyroidism.
  • Myxedema.
  • Cretinism.
  • Goiter.
  • Parathormone and it’s action.
  • Carpopedal spasm.
  • Trousseau’s sign.
  • Hypercalcemia.
  • Calcitonin.
  • Calcium in bones.
  • Osteoblasts.
  • Osteocytes.
  • Osteoclasts.
  • Osteoporosis.
  • Osteomalacia.
  • Rickets.
  • Islets of Langerhans.
  • Glucagon.
  • Type- I diabetes mellitus.
  • Glucosuria.
  • Polyuria.
  • Polydipsia.
  • Polyphagia.
  • Osmotic diuresis.
  • Acidosis.
  • Complications of diabetes mellitus.
  • Hormones of adrenal cortex.
  • Life-saving hormone.
  • Hyperaldosteronism.
  • Adrenogenital syndrome.
  • Addison’s disease.
  • Hormones of adrenal medulla.
  • Dopamine.
  • Pheochromocytoma.
  • Atrial natriuretic peptide.
  • Erythropoietin.
  • Prostacyclin.
  • Serotonin.
  • Histamine.
  • Heparin.
  • Gastrointestinal hormones.

UNIT-7 REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

{Male reproductive system, Female reproductive system, Menstrual cycle, Pregnancy, Mammary glands and location, fertility control}

LONG ESSAY:

  • Define menstrual cycle? Mention the ovarian changes taking place during menstrual cycle.

SHORT ANSWERS:

  • Spermatogenesis.
  • Seminiferous tubules.
  • Functions of testis and regulation of testicular functions.
  • Sertoli cells.
  • Accessory sex organs in males.
  • Functions of testosterone.
  • Semen.
  • Estrogen and it’s functions.
  • Progesterone and it’s functions.
  • Ovarian changes during menstrual cycle.
  • Graafian follicle.
  • Ovulation.
  • Corpus luteum and it’s functions.
  • Uterine changes during menstrual cycle.
  • Regulation of menstrual cycle.
  • Placenta and it’s functions.
  • Fetoplacental unit.
  • Parturition and it’s stages.
  • Lactation.
  • Oral contraceptives.
  • Tubectomy.
  • Vasectomy.
  • Intrauterine contraceptive device [IUCD].
  • Contraceptive methods in males.
  • Contraceptive methods in females.

VERY SHORTS:

  • Coverings of testis.
  • Spermatogenic cells.
  • Name the accessory sex organs in males.
  • Name the stages of spermatogenesis.
  • Spermiogenesis.
  • Spermination.
  • Name the hormones necessary for spermatogenesis.
  • Leydig cells.
  • Composition of semen.
  • Hypogonadism.
  • Hypergonadism.
  • Name the accessory sex organs in females.
  • Functions of estrogen.
  • Menopause.
  • Postmenopausal syndrome.
  • Changes during menstrual cycle.
  • Corpus luteum functions.
  • Name 3 phases during uterine changes in menstrual cycle.
  • FSH.
  • LH.
  • Gonadotropins.
  • Mention secondary sexual characters in females.
  • Amenorrhea.
  • Menorrhagia.
  • Oligomenorrhea.
  • Hypomenorrhea.
  • Polymenorrhea.
  • Dysmenorrhea.
  • Metrorrhagia.
  • Functions of placenta.
  • Fetoplacental unit.
  • Processes of lactation.
  • Rhythm method.
  • Contraceptive pills.
  • Medical termination of pregnancy [MTP].
  • Disadvantages of IUCD.
  • Adverse effects of oral contaceptives.
  • Condoms.

UNIT-8 CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

{Overview of cardiovascular system, Properties of cardiac muscle, Cardiac cycle, Heart sounds, Electrocardiogram (ECG), Cardiac output, Heart rate, Arterial blood pressure, Venous pressure and capillary pressure, Arterial pulse and venous pulse, Regional circulation, Fetal circulation and respiration, Hemorrhage, circulatory, shock and heart failure, Cardiovascular adjustments during exercise.}

LONG ESSAYS:

  • Define cardiac cycle. Write the events of cardiac cycle and explain in detail about atrial events of cardiac cycle.
  • Define cardiac cycle. Describe the ventricular events of cardiac cycle in detail.
  •  Give an account on heart sounds in detail.
  • Define electrocardiogram. Explain the waves, segments and intervals of ECG. State briefly about ECG leads.
  • Define cardiac output. Explain physiological and pathological variations and factors maintaining cardiac output.
  • Define and classify arterial blood pressure. Explain their pathological and physiological variations and regulation of arterial blood pressure. State briefly about nervous mechanism for regulation of blood pressure.

SHORT ANSWERS:

  • Myocardium.
  • Pacemaker.
  • Systemic and pulmonary circulation.
  • Action potential.
  • Refractory period.
  • Cardiac cycle and it’s events.
  • Second heart sound.
  • Heart sounds.
  • Various methods to study heart sounds.
  • Cardiac murmur.
  • ECG leads.
  • Waves of ECG.
  • Cardiac output and factors maintaining it.
  • Measurement of cardiac output. Explain briefly any one method.
  • Nerve supply to heart.
  • Regulation of arterial blood pressure.
  • Vasomotor system.
  • Baroreceptor mechanism.
  • Renin angiotensin mechanism.
  • Renal regulation of blood pressure.
  • Coronary circulation.
  • Capillary circulation.
  • Hemorrhage.
  • Circulatory shock.
  • Heart failure.
  • Effect of exercise on blood pressure.

VERY SHORTS:

  • Layers of heart.
  • Pacemaker.
  • Intercalated disk.
  • Syncytium.
  • Valves of the heart.
  • Define action potential and it’s phases.
  • All or none law.
  • Refractory period.
  • Atrial events and ventricular events.
  • Ejection period.
  • Second heart sound and it’s cause.
  • Importance of heart sounds.
  • Fourth heart sound and it’s cause.
  • Auscultation areas.
  • Cardiac murmur.
  • Electrocardiography.
  • Electrocardiograph.
  • Electrocardiogram.
  • Uses of ECG.
  • Stroke volume.
  • Cardiac index.
  • Pathological and physiological variations of cardiac output.
  • Fick’s principle.
  • Tachycardia.
  • Bradycardia.
  • Regulation of heart rate.
  • Vagal tone and it’s regulation.
  • Chemoreceptors.
  • Bain bridge (cardio-accelerator) reflex.
  • Hypertension.
  • Hypotension.
  • Coronary arteries.
  • Coronary occlusion.
  • Myocardial ischemia.
  • Myocardial infraction.
  • Cardiac pain (Angina pectoris).
  • Stroke.
  • Cutaneous circulation.
  • Effects of hemorrhage.
  • Circulatory shock and it’s manifestation.
  • Causes of heart failure.
  • Vasomotor center.
  • Phlebogram.
  • Types of exercise.
  • Examples of aerobic and anaerobic exercise.

UNIT-9 RESPIRATORY SYSTEM AND ENVIRONMENTAL PHYSIOLOGY

{Respiratory tract and pulmonary circulation, Mechanism of respiration, Pulmonary functions tests, Ventilation and dead space, Exchange and transport of respiratory gases, Regulation of respiration, Diseases and disorders of respiration, High altitude and deep sea physiology, Effects of exposure to cold and heat, Artificial respiration, Effects of exercise on respiration.}

LONG ESSAYS:

  • Describe the transport of carbon dioxide in detail.
  • Discuss in detail about the transportation of oxygen.
  • Define and classify hypoxia, explain in detail about it’s causes and effects of hypoxia and state briefly about oxygen therapy.

SHORT ANSWERS:

  • Non respiratory functions of respiratory tract.
  • Tracheobronchial tree.
  • Muscles of respiration.
  • Surfactant.
  • Intra-alveolar pressure.
  • Intra-pleural pressure.
  • Lung volume.
  • Lung capacities.
  • Vital capacity.
  • Dead space.
  • Oxygen-hemoglobin curve.
  • Bohr effect.
  • Hamburger phenomenon/chloride shift.
  • Haldane effect.
  • Respiratory centers.
  • Nervous regulation of respiration.
  • Compliance.
  • Chemical regulation of respiration.
  • Hypoxia.
  • Mountain sickness.
  • Acclimatization.
  • Decompression sickness.
  • Effects of exposure to cold.
  • Effects of exposure to heat.
  • Artificial respiration and it’s methods.
  • Cardiovascular changes during exercise.
  • Respiratory changes during exercise.

VERY SHORTS:

  • Types of respiration.
  • Phases of respiration.
  • Respiratory unit.
  • Cough reflex.
  • Swallowing reflex.
  • Name the muscles of respiration.
  • Surfactant.
  • Tidal volume.
  • Residual volume.
  • Total lung capacity.
  • Vital capacity.
  • Alveolar ventilation.
  • Dead space and it’s types.
  • Oxygen carrying capacity of blood.
  • Define cardiac shift.
  • Name the respiratory centers.
  • Pontine centers.
  • Chemoreceptor types.
  • Hyperventilation.
  • Hypoventilation.
  • Apnea.
  • Dyspnea.
  • Cyanosis.
  • Heat stroke.
  • Name the artificial respiration methods.

UNIT-10 NERVOUS SYSTEM

{Overview of nervous system, Neuron and neuroglia, Receptors, Synapse and neurotransmitters, Reflex activity, Spinal cord, Somatosensory system and somatomotor system, Physiology of pain, Thalamus, Hypothalamus, Cerebellum, Basal ganglia, Cerebral cortex and limbic system, Reticular formation, Posture and equilibrium, Vestibular apparatus, Electroencephalogram (ECG) and epilepsy, Physiology of sleep, Higher intellectual functions, Cerebrospinal fluid, Autonomic nervous system,}

LONG ESSAYS:

  • Define and classify neuron. Explain the structure of neuron in detail and state briefly about myelin sheath and neurilemma.
  • Define neuron and classify nerve fibers, discuss properties of nerve fibers in detail.
  • Define and classify receptors and describe the properties of receptors in detail.
  • What is synapse? Classify them. Enumerate the properties and functions of synapse.
  • What is reflex arc? Classification of reflexes and properties of reflexes in detail.
  • Enumerate the tracts in the spinal cord. Describe the descending tracts of spinal cord and write briefly about spinothalamic tracts.
  • Explain in detail about the pyramidal tracts. State briefly about upper and lower motor neuron lesions and spinothalamic tracts.
  •   What is thalamus? Explain thalamic nuclei, functions of thalamus and add a note on it’s applied physiology.
  •  Define hypothalamus. Write the functions of hypothalamus in detail and state briefly about nuclei of hypothalamus and disorders of hypothalamus.
  • Write the parts of cerebellum and explain divisions of cerebellum in detail.
  • Define basal ganglia. Name the components of basal ganglia and explain functions of basal ganglia in detail.
  • Explain cerebral cortex and describe lobes of cerebral cortex with their functions in detail.

SHORT ANSWERS:

  • Classification of neuron.
  • Structure of neuron.
  • Dendrite.
  • Myelin sheath.
  • Neurilemma.
  • Define and classify neuroglia.
  • Synapse and it’s functions.
  • Neurotransmitters.
  • Excitatory synapse.
  • Inhibitory synapse.
  • Reflex arc.
  • Gray matter of spinal cord.
  • Ascending tracts of spinal cord.
  • Pyramidal tracts and it’s functions.
  • Extrapyramidal tracts.
  • Somatosensory system.
  • Upper motor and lower motor neurons.
  • Pathway of pain sensation.
  • Referred pain.
  • Thalamic nuclei.
  • Functions of thalamus.
  • Hypothalamus functions.
  • Disorders of hypothalamus.
  • Cerebellum.
  • Functions of basal ganglia and applied aspects.
  • Parkinson disease.
  • Limbic system.
  • Temporal lobe.
  • Parietal lobe.
  • Muscle spindle.
  • Muscle tone.
  • Static reflexes.
  • Labyrinth.
  • Motion sickness.
  • ECG-Electroencephalogram
  • Epilepsy and it’s types.
  • Define sleep and it’s stages.
  • Memory and it’s types.
  • Speech and it’s disorders.
  • Functions of CSF.
  • Functions of BBB.
  • Sympathetic ganglia.
  • Functions of ANS.

VERY SHORTS:

  • Parts of brain.
  • Draw a neat labeled diagram of structure of neuron.
  • Neurilemma.
  • Nerve growth factor.
  • Infatigability.
  • All or none law.
  • Neuroglia.
  • Oligodendrocytes.
  • Microglia.
  • Astrocytes.
  • Satellite cells.
  • Schwann cells.
  • Structure of chemical synapse.
  • Functions of synapse.
  • 4 properties of synapse.
  • 4 properties of reflexes.
  • Spinal nerves.
  • Sensations.
  • Types of somatic sensations.
  • Sensory pathways and it’s types.
  • Paralysis and it’s types and causes.
  • Define pain.
  • Define referred pain.
  • Analgesia.
  • 3 functions of thalamus.
  • Thalamic syndrome.
  • Nuclei of hypothalamus.
  • Cerebellar hemispheres.
  • Name the divisions of cerebellum.
  • Atonia.
  • Astasia.
  • Nystagmus.
  • Ataxia.
  • Name components of basal ganglia.
  • 4 functions of basal ganglia.
  • Causes of Parkinson disease.
  • Signs and symptoms of parkinson’s disease.
  • Huntington’s disease.
  • Wilson’s disease.
  • Brodmann area.
  • Functions of limbic system.
  • Proprioceptors.
  • Ampulla.
  • Functions of vestibular apparatus.
  • Nystagmus.
  • Labyrinthectomy.
  • Name waves of ECG.
  • Types of epilepsy.
  • Differences between REM and non-REM sleep.
  • Define learning and it’s types.
  • Conditioned reflexes.
  • Aphasia.
  • Dysarthria.
  • Composition of CSF.
  • Hydrocephalus.
  • Sympathomimetic drugs.
  • Ganglionic blockers.

UNIT-11 SPECIAL SENSES

{Eye, Visual process and field of vision, Visual pathway, Pupillary reflexes, Color vision, Errors of refraction, Ear, Auditory pathway, Mechanism of hearing and auditory defects, Sensation of taste, Sensation of smell}

LONG ESSAYS:

  • Enumerate visual pathway and discuss in detail about visual receptors, course of visual pathway and add a brief note on it’s applied aspects.
  • Describe in detail about mechanism of hearing and add a brief note on it’s auditory defects.

SHORT ANSWERS:

  • Wall of the eyeball.
  • Tunica media.
  • Muscles of the eyeball.
  • Neural basis of visual process.
  • Night blindness.
  • Components of visual pathway.
  • Accommodation.
  • Pathway of accommodation reflex.
  • Classify color blindness.
  • Myopia and it’s corrections.
  • Astigmatism and types, causes and correction.
  • Presbyopia.
  • Hypermetropia.
  • Middle ear.
  • Internal ear.
  • Auditory pathway.
  • Role of middle ear.
  • Auditory defects.
  • Taste buds.
  • Pathway for taste sensation.
  • Olfactory pathway.

VERY SHORTS.

  • Draw a neat labeled diagram of structure of eyeball.
  • Ciliary body.
  • Choroid.
  • Iris.
  • Layers of retina.
  • Vitreous humor.
  • Aqueous humor.
  • Glaucoma.
  • Cataract.
  • Functions of rods.
  • Functions of cones.
  • Night blindness.
  • Blind spot.
  • Visual pathway.
  • Visual receptors.
  • Presbyopia.
  • Constriction of pupil.
  • Color blindness.
  • Ametropia.
  • Astigmatism.
  • Anisometropia.
  • Auditory ossicles.
  • Auditory muscles.
  • Eustachian tube.
  • Errors of refraction.
  • Organ of corti.
  • Cochlea.
  • Role of tympanic membrane.
  • Types of conduction.
  • Auditory defects.
  • Types of papillae.
  • Taste sensations and it’s types.
  • Ageusia.
  • Dysgeusia.
  • Hypogeusia.
  • Taste blindness.
  • Anomia.

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