GENERAL ANATOMY
- Classify fibrous joint
- Primary cartilaginous joint
- Name the features of synovial joint
- Multipolar neurons
- Name four types of cells found in the connective tissue
- Neurobiotaxis
- Epiphysis of long bone-Types with examples
- Blood supply of a long bone
- Enlist the various sets of arteries supplying the long bone
Short Answers
ANATOMY
OSTEOLOGY OF THE HEAD AND NECK
Short Essays
- Boundaries and structures passing through superior orbital fissure and age changes in mandible
- Hyoid bone-General features,attachments and development
- Atlas vertebra(first cervical vertebrae)
- Symphysis menti
- Metopic suture
- Zygomatic bone
- Mastoid process
- Foramen magnum
- Name the structures passing through the foramen magnum
Short Answers
- Lateral pterygoid plate
- Foramen ovale and structures passing through it
- Foramen magnum and structures passing through it
- Jugular foramen and structures passing through it
- Optic canal
- Internal auditory meatus
- List out four structures passing through superior orbital fissure Symphysis menti
- Name the muscles attached to the ramus of the mandible
- Give the formation of bregma and why it is known as in the fetal skull
- Zygomatic arch
- Mastoid process and muscles attached to it
- Pterion and its clinical aspects
- Mention the bones forming the hard palate
- Ligaments of mandible
- Pterygomandibular raphe
- Give the attachments of pterygomandibular raphe and name the muscles attached to it
- Name four arteries related to the ramus of the mandible
- Development of sphenomandibular ligament and structures piercing it
- Name the bones reducing the size of maxillary hiatus
- Name any four processes of the maxilla
- Hyoid bone
- Body of the hyoid bone
- Structure passing through the anterior condylar canal
- Name any four muscles attached to the hyoid bone
- Name the muscles attached to greater horn of the hyoid
- Atlas vertebra
- Give the special features of first cervical vertebra
SCALP,TEMPLE AND FACE
Long Essays
- Explain the scalp under the following headings:(a)Extent,(b)Layers,(c)Blood supply,(d)Nerve supply,(e)Applied anatomy
- Explain the arterial supply and venous drainage of face
Short Essays
- Orbicularis oculi(parts, attachment, nerve supply, and actions) Orbicularis Oris
- Buccinator muscle
- Platysma and its nerve supply
- Give the sensory(cutaneous)innervation of the face
- Facial artery(in the face)-Extent, course, branches, and applied anatomy
- Veins of face
- Layers of the scalp with applied aspects
- Loose areolar tissue layer of the scalp and its applied anatomy Emissary veins
- Sensory and motor nerve supply of the scalp
- Give the formation, course, and termination of the facial vein Lacrimal gland
- Applied anatomy of the scalp
- Bell’s palsy
Short Answers
- Formation course and termination of facial vein
- Branches of facial artery of the neck
- Cervical branches of facial artery
- 3 rd part of maxillary artery
- Nerve supply of scalp
- Nerve supply(cutaneous innervation)of anterior quadrant ofscalp
- Nerve supply of scalp-posterior quadrant only
- Name any six muscles of facial expression
- Actions of orbicularis oculi muscle
- Name the layers of the scalp
- Epicranial aponeurosis
- Emissary veins
- Buccinator muscle
- Platysma
- Mention the sensory nerve supply of face
- Facial vein(commencement and termination)
- Name the structures constituting lacrimal apparatus
- Lacrimal gland
- Nasolacrimal duct
- Dangerous layers of scalp
- Bell’s palsy
- Retromandibular vein(formation and termination)
- Give the formation and termination of anterior facial vein Dangerous area of face
SIDE OF THE NECK
Long Essay
- Explain boundaries and contents of the posterior triangle
Short Essays
- External jugular vein(formation,course,tèrmination and tributaries)
- Give the attachments,nerve supply and actions of Sternocleidomastoid muscle what is torticollis?
- General investing layer of deep cervical fascia
- Pretracheal fascia
- Carotid sheath(formation, contents)
- Boundaries and contents of posterior triangle
Short Answers
- Pharyngobasilar fascia
- External jugular vein-formation and termination
- Name four tributaries of external jugular vein
- Sternocleidomastoid muscle(nerve supply and actions)
- Sternocleidomastoid muscle and its relations
- Mention the layers of fascia colli
- Pretracheal fascia
- Carotid sheath(only contents and their relations)
- Name any four nerves related to the posterior border of
- sternocleidomastoid muscle
THE BACK OF THE NECK
Short Answers
- Suboccipital muscles
- Name the boundaries of suboccipital triangle
- Content of suboccipital triangle
THE CRANIAL CAVITY
long Essays
- Explain the situation,relations,blood supply, nerve supply and histology of pituitary gland
- Classify the dural venous sinuses Explain in detail the position,Formation,contents,relations,tributaries and connections and applied anatomy of cavernous sinus
Short Essays
- Cavernous sinus-situation,communication and tributaries
- Superior sagittal sinus
- Inferior sagittal sinus
- Sigmoid sinus
- Mention the relations of pituitary gland
- Trigeminal ganglion in middle cranial fossa
- Falx cerebri
- Tentorium cerebelli
- Middle meningeal artery
Short Answers
- Name the dural venous sinuses situated in tentorium cerebelli Falx cerebelli
- Structures in the lateral wall of the cavernous sinus
- Name any four tributaries of the cavernous sinus
- Extracranial communications of the cavernous sinus
- Superior sagittal venous sinus
- The confluence of dural venous sinuses
- Straight venous sinus
- Falx cerebri-attachment and sinuses within it
- Tentorium cerebelli
- Transverse sinus
- Sensory nuclei of trigeminal nerve
CONTENTS OF THE ORBIT
Long Essay
- Explain the extraocular muscles of the eyeball under the following headings-origin,insertion,nerve supply and action
Short Essays
- The superior oblique muscle of the eyeball
- Levator palpebrae superioris
- Ophthalmic artery
- Ciliary ganglion
- Extraocular muscles and their actions `
- Lateral rectus muscle of the eyeball
Short Answers
- Levator palpebrae superioris
- Actions of the oblique muscle of eyeball
- Name the artery which runs in the optic nerve What is its importance?
- Ciliary ganglion
- Short ciliary nerves
- Name the branches of nasociliary nerve
- Branches of the ophthalmic nerve
- The facial sheath of the eyeball
- Extraocular muscles and their nerve supply
- Superior rectus muscle of eyeball and its action
ANTERIOR TRIANGLE OF THE NECK
Long Essay
- Explain the boundaries and contents of the carotid triangle
- Enumerate the branches of external carotid artery
Short Essays
- Omohyoid muscle and its attachments
- Enumerate the boundaries and contents of the carotid triangle
- Branches of the external carotid artery and its course
- Infrahyoid muscles
- Lingual artery
- Ansa cervicalis (formation, branches, and distribution)
Short Answers
- Infrahyoid muscle
- Mention the named branches of the lingual artery
- Name four branches of facial artery in the neck
- Name the cervical branches of the facial artery
- Ansa cervicalis
- Inferior belly of omohyoid
- Submental triangle
- Contents of the diagastric triangle
- Branches of the external carotid artery in the carotid triangle
- Branches of external carotid artery
THE PAROTID REGION
Long Essays
- Explain the parotid gland under the following headings: (a)Position and coverings,(b)Morphology and surfaces,(c)Relations,(d)Blood supply,(e)Nerve supply(secretomotor pathway),(f)Structures within the gland,(g)Applied anatomy,(h)Histology
Short Essays
- The parotid duct(course, structures pierced and termination)
- Explain the structures deeply related to the parotid gland
- Explain the structures passing through the parotid gland
Short Answers
- Name the structures present inside the parotid gland
- Name the arteries seen in the substance of the parotid gland
- Parotid duct opening
- Nerve supply of parotid gland
TEMPORAL AND INFRA-TEMPORAL FOSSA
Long Essays
- Explain the muscles of mastication under the following headings(a)Origin,(b)Insertion,(c)Nerve supply,(d)Actions and (e)Development
- Define muscles of mastication, Name them and Explain attachments relations, nerve supply and actions of the lateral pterygoid muscle
- Explain the maxillary artery under the following headings:(a)Origin,(b)Termination,(c)Course,(d)Parts,(e)Relations and(f)Enumerate branches from each part
- Explain the temporomandibular joint under the following headings:(a)Type,(b)Articulating bones and articular surfaces,(c)Capsule,(d)Intraarticular disc,(e)Ligaments,(f)Relations,(g)Movements with axes,(h)Muscles producing movements,(i)Blood supply,(j)Nerve supply and(k)Applied anatomy
- Explain the movements of the temporomandibular joint and mention the muscles producing these movements What are the factors responsible for its stability?
- Explain the mandibular nerve under the following headings:(a)Roots(origin),(b)Fibers it contains,(c)Termination,(d)Course and relations,(e)Branches and distribution and(f)Applied aspect
Short Essays
- Boundaries and contents of the infratemporal fossa
- Muscles of mastication
- Explain the origin, course, and distribution of auriculotemporal nerve Lingual nerve
- Explain the innervation of the lower jaw
- Inferior alveolar-nerve
- Origin course distribution of Auriculotemporal nerve
- Describe innervation of the lower jaw
- Otic ganglion
- Masseter muscle(origin, insertion, nerve supply, and action)
- Explain the origin, insertion, nerve supply and action of
- Mention the boundaries and contents of the infra-temporal fossa
- Add a note on otic ganglion
- temporalis muscle
- Lateral pterygoid muscle(attachments, relations, and nerve supply)
- Pterygoid plexus of veins
- Mandibular nerve
Short Answers
- Lateral pterygoid muscle-Attachments
- Name the branches from the first part of the maxillary artery
- Name the ligaments of temporomandibular joint
- Sphenomandibular ligament
- Terminal branches of the inferior alveolar nerve
- Name the muscles supplied by the inferior alveolar nerve
- Articular disc of temporomandibular joint
- Name the muscles that depress the mandible
- Name the branches from the anterior trunk of the mandibular nerve
- Lingual nerve
- Inferior alveolar nerve
- Otic ganglion-secretomotor fibers to which gland
THE SUBMANDIBULAR REGION
Long Essays
- Explain the submandibular salivary gland under the following headings:(a)Position,(b)Covering,(c)Surfaces and relations,(d)Histology,(e)Blood supply,(f)Nerve supply and(g)Applied anatomy
Short Essays
- Give the attachments nerve supply and relations of the digastric muscle
- Give the attachments, relations, nerve supply and actions of the mylohyoid muscle
- Give the attachments, relations, nerve supply and actions of the hyoglossus muscle
- Hyoglossus muscle-nerve supply, actions
- Relations of the hyoglossus muscle
- Submandibular salivary gland
- Submandibular ganglion
Short Answers
- Give the development and nerve supply of diagastric muscle
- Oral diaphragm
- Median raphe of mylohyoid muscle
- Submandibular duct
- Relations of posterior belly of digastric muscle
- Digastric muscle
DEEP STRUCTURES IN THE NECK
Long Essays
- Explain the thyroid gland under the following headings:(a)The situation, parts, coverings,(b)Parts and relations,(c)Blood and nerve supply,(d)Lymphatic drainage,(e)Applied anatomy and (f)Development
Short Essays
- Blood supply of thyroid gland
- Internal jugular vein-formation,termination and tributaries Superior cervical ganglion-situation and branches
- Scalenus anterior muscle(origin,insertion and relations)
- Styloid apparatus
- Styloid process of temporal bone(Introduction,structures
attached and development)
Short Answers
- Name any four structures related to the medial surface of:
- Superior cervical sympathetic ganglion
- Deep cervical lymph nodes
- Vertical chain of deep cervical lymph node
- Styloid process of the temporal bone
- Name any four structures attached to the styloid process
- Muscles attached to the styloid process
- Ligaments of the styloid process
- Stylohyoid ligament
- Thyroid gland
- Isthmus of the thyroid gland
- Blood supply of thyroid gland
- Name the arteries supplying the thyroid gland
- Internal jugular vein(formation and termination)
- Name any four tributaries of internal jugular vein
THE PREVERTEBRAL REGION
Short Essays
- Give the extent, relations, parts, branches of vertebral artery
- Atlanto-occipital joint
- Atlanto-axial joint
Short Answer
- Vertebral artery
THE MOUTH AND PHARYNX
Long Essays
- Describe the origin, course, insertion, nerve supply and actions of muscles of the soft palate
- Explain the pharynx under the following headings:(a)Extent,(b)Relations,(c)Subdivisions,(d)Blood supply,(e)Nerve supply
- Explain the palatine tonsil under the following headings:(a)Location,(b)Relation,(c)Blood supply and nerve supply,(d)Lymphatic drainage,(e)Applied anatomy,(f)Development and (g)Microscopic anatomy
Short Essays
- Explain with suitable diagram the structure of the tooth
- Laryngopharynx
- Inferior constrictor muscle(attachment, nerve supply, and actions)
- Give a short account of the parts, relations, and functions of auditory tube
- Soft palate
- nasopharynx
- Constrictors of pharynx
- Superior constrictor muscle of pharynx(attachment, nerve supply, and actions)
- Give the muscles of the soft palate and the nerve supply
- Role of palatal muscles in deglutition
- Nasopharynx-Boundaries and internal features
- Define nasopharynx Give its extent and features in its lateral wall Oropharynx
- Palatine tonsil(gross features and relations)
Short Answers
- Structure of tooth(Labeled diagram only)
- Name any four structures related to the lateral surface of the Palatine tonsil
- Piriform fossa
- Enumerate any four muscles which are supplied by branches from pharyngeal plexus
- Auditory tube(Parts,length,openings and functions)
- Name the boundaries and clinical importance of piriform fossa
- Give any four layers of the pharyngeal wall
- Buccopharyngeal fascia
- Palatine aponeurosis
- Nerve supply to the soft palate
- Muscles of the soft palate(Name Them)
- List the lymphatic nodules in the Waldeyer’s ring
- Name the parts of Waldeyer’s ring
- Enumerate for relations of inferior constrictor muscle of pharynx
- Enumerate the structures passing between middle and inferior constrictor muscles of pharyrx
- Nerve supply of pharynx
- Name the nerves forming pharyngeal plexus
THE NOSE AND PARANASAL SINUSES
Long Essays
- Explain the lateral wall of the nose under the following headings:(a)Bones and cartilage taking part,(b)Parts and features,(c)Openings,(d)Blood supply and nerve supply, (e)Applied aspect
- Explain the paranasal air sinuses Add a note on its innervation and applied anatomy
- Name the paranasal air sinuses
- Explain the maxillary nerve
under the following headings:(a)Origin,(b)Termination
(c)Course and branches,(d)Branches and distribution,(e)Applied anatomy
- Explain the maxillary nerve under the following headings:
(a)Origin,(b)Termination,(c)Course and relations,(d)Branches and distribution,(e)Applied anatomy
Short Essays
- Maxillary air sinus(Location,boundaries,relations,nerve supplyand applied anatomy)
- Give the boundaries,relations and applied anatomy of sphenoidal air sinus
- Explain the measurement,boundaries,relations,drainage of
Pterygopalatine - Nasal septum
- Give the blood and nerve supply of the nasal septum
- Lateral wall of nose
- Middle meatus of the nose
- development and clinical importance of frontal air sinus
- ganglion(sphenopalatine ganglion)
Short Answers
- Middle meatus of nose
- Name the ethmoidal air sinuses and which ethmoidal air sinus opens into the middle meatus
- Openings in the middle meatus of the nose
- Superior meatus of nose
- Septum of nose
- Inferior meatus of nose
- Mention the paranasal sinuses opening into superior meatus of nose
- Give the nerve supply of lateral wall of nasal cavity
- Mention four nerves supplying of the lateral wall of the nasal cavity
- Maxillary air sinus(Shape and opening)
- Sphenoidal air sinuses
- Blood supply of nasal septum
- Give the nerve supply of nasal septum
- Mention the bones forming the nasal septum
- Name the skeleton of nasal septum
THE LARYNX
Long Essays
- Explain the larynx under the following headings:(a)Extent,(b)Parts,(c)Vocal folds and (d)Nerve supply
Short Essays
- The cavity of larynx (Interior of larynx)
- Vocal folds(Vocal cords)-attachment and movements
- Cricoid cartilage
- Nerve supply of iris
- Saccule
- Muscles of larynx
- Thyroid cartilage
- Briefly explain the extent, salient features and nerve supply of Attachments, nerve supply, actions of(cricothyroid muscle )
Short Answers
- Name any four cartilages of larynx
- Give the boundaries of the rima glottidis
- Vocal folds(Vocal cords)
- Name the intrinsic muscles of the larynx and give their nerve supply
- Nerve supply and action of cricothyroid muscle
- Action and insertion of cricoarytenoid
THE TONGUE
Long Essay
- Explain the tongue under the headings:(a)Gross External features(Dorsum of the tongue),(b)Muscles,(c)Nerve supply,(d)Lymphatic drainage,(e)Development(with co-relation to innervations),(f)Histology
Short Essays
- Give the origin,insertion,nerve supply and action of genioglossus muscle
- Lymphatic drainage of tongue
- Nerve supply of tongue
Short Answers
- Foliate papillae of tongue
- Mention any four muscles of tongue
- Lymphatic drainage of tongue
- Types of papillae over the tongue
- Nerve supply of the tongue
- Give the sensory nerve supply of tongue
THE EAR AND VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR NERVE
Short Essays
- Briefly Explain the features on the medial wall of the middle ear
- Explain in detail about Tympanic membrane
- Give position,nerve supply and development of the tympanic membrane
Short Answers
- Tympanic membrane
- Name the structures within the tympanic membrane
- Anterior wall of middle ear
- Name the muscle of tympanic cavity and give their nerve supply
CRANIAL NERVES
Long Essays
- Explain the extracranial course ofthe facial nerve under the following headings:(a)Exit from the cranial cavity,(b)Courseand relations,(c)Branches,(d)Distribution,(e)Applied aspects
- Explain the course,relations and branches of the facial nervein the face Add a note on its applied anatomy
- Explain the hypoglossal nerve under the following headings:(a)Nuclear origin,(b)Course,(c)Relations,(d)Branches anddistribution,(e)Applied anatomy
Short Essays
- Chorda tympani nerve
- Vagus nerve in neck
- Intrapetrous part of facial nerve
- Extracranial course and distribution of facial nerve
- Facial nerve in face
- Recurrent laryngeal nerve
- Pterygopalatine ganglion
Short Answers
- Name any four ganglion associated with trigeminal nerve
- Mention the muscles supplied by the oculomotor nerve
The Orbit
- Functional components of oculomotor nerve
- Name any four muscles supplied by the recurrent laryngeal nerve
- Give any four muscles supplied by the hypoglossal nerve
- Name the branches of facial nerve within the petrous part of temporal bone
- Branches of facial nerve
- Chorda tympani nerve
- Recurrent laryngeal nerve
- glossopharyngeal nerve
- Name cranial nerves
- List the branches of the facial nerve soon after its emergence through the stylomastoid foramen
CEREBRUM
Short Essays
- Explain the boundaries and contents of interpeduncular fossa Give the parts, blood supply, relations, and applied anatomy of the internal capsule
- Corpus Callosum
- Inferior Horn Of Lateral Ventricle
- Deep Intra Cerebellar nuclei
BRAIN
Short Answers
- what is the blood supply to spinal cord
- Explain about circle of Willis(draw and label only)
EMBRYOLOGY
Short Essays
- Primitive streak
- Mitosis
- Brachial Cyst
- Formation of notochord
- Yolk sac
- Chromosome
- Sex chromosomes
- Oogenesis
- Graafian follicle
- Corpus luteum
- Implantation-Definition, mechanism and abnormal sites
- Give the development of the placenta and the associated anomalies Somites and their derivatives
- pharyngeal arch
- Derivatives of the first branchial(pharyngeal)arch(cartilaginous and muscular derivatives)
- Mention the derivatives of the second branchial arch
- Derivatives of third branchial arch
- Development of hyoid bone
- Derivatives of I-IV endodermal pouches of the pharynx and ultimobranchial body
- Development of parathyroid glands
- Development of thyroid gland and its anomalies
- Development of mandible
- Frontonasal process of embryo
- Maxillary process of embryo
- Development of face and anomalies
- Development of upper lip and its anomalies
- Development of palate and anomalies
- Development of tooth
- Development of tongue
- Development of tonsil
- Give the development of the submandibular gland and its anomalies
- Development of pituitary gland
- Give the development of the retina
- Down Syndrome
- Turners Syndrome
- Klinefelters syndrome
- Edward Patau Syndrome
Short Answers
- Chromosomes
- Classification Of Chromosomes
- Name any four clinical features of Down’s syndrome
- Karyotype and any two clinical features of Klinefelter’s syndrome
- Fertilization
- Effects of fertilization
- Chorion
- what is Notochord its formation and its fate
- Define implantation
- Name the surfaces of the placenta
- Occipital myotomes
- Sex chromosomes
- Oogenesis
- Draw a neat labeled diagram of mature graffian follicle
- What is the chromosomal configuration in Down syndrome?
- 1st pharyngeal arch(derivatives)
- Enumerate the derivatives of Meckel’s cartilage
- Name any four muscles derived from the first branchial arch
- Give the persistent structures of the fibrous envelope of Meckel’s cartilage
- Name the bony structures derived from 2nd pharyngeal arch
- Name any four structures derived from the second branchial arch and Hyoid bone-development
- Mention the derivatives of pharyngeal arch
- Derivatives of the third endodermal pouch of the pharynx
- Development of thymus
- Give the development of the superior parathyroid gland
- Development of thyroid gland
- Lingual thyroid
- Frontonasal process of embryo
- Development of upper lip
- Cleft lip
- Name four types of cleft lip
- Harelip
- Oblique facial cleft
- Development of palate
- Cleft palate
- Development of tooth
- Mention the stages of development of teeth
- Development of tongue
- Development of pituitary gland
- Give the development of tympanic membrane
- Mention any four derivatives of ectoderm
HISTOLOGY
Short Essays
- Histology of spleen
- Histology of thymus
- Histology of large artery
- Histology of white fibro cartilage
- Histology of thyroid gland
- Histology of suprarenal gland
- Histology of pituitary gland
- Histology of palatine tonsil
- Histology(Microanatomy)of thin skin
- Histology of tongue
- Histology of cornea
- Histology of trachea
- Histology of pancreas
- Histology of parotid gland
- Histology of submandibular salivary gland
- Histology of neuron
- Histology of hyaline cartilage
- Histology of bone TS
Short Answers
- Barr body
- Haversian system
- Sarcomere
- A Structure of bone
- Give the histological features of skeletal muscle
- Give the histological features of cardiac muscle
- Give the histological structures of large vein
- Histology of large artery
- Give the histological features of medium sized artery
- Histology lymph node
- Give the histological features of hyaline cartilage
- Histology of elastic cartilage
- Histology of compact bone
- Give the salient histological features of thyroid gland
- Structure of suprarenal gland
- Salient histological features of the parathyroid gland
- Histology of thymus
- Histology of palatine tonsil
- Give the histological features of tongue
- Give salient histological features of the trachea
- Draw labeled diagram of histology of trachea
- Histology of parotid gland(serous salivary gland)
- Structure of mixed salivary gland
- Histology of sublingual salivary gland
- Give salient histological features of olfactory epithelium Structure of taste bud
- Islet’s of Langerhans