GENERAL PHARMACOLOGY
{ SOURCES AND ROUTES OF DRUG ADMINISTRATION, PHARMACOKINETICS AND PHARMACODYNAMICS, ADVERSE DRUG REACTIONS }
LONG ESSAYS:
1. Explain the routes of drug administration with suitable examples. Add a note on advantages and disadvantages of oral route of administration?
2. Describe the various routes of drug Administration with examples. And the advantage and disadvantages of intravenous routes.
3. Describe various routes of administration. And add a note on their merits and demerits with examples.
4. Describe sublingual route of drug administration.
5. Explain bioavailability. And describe the various factors affecting bioavailability.
6. Define biotransformation with examples and add a note on the different reactions involved. Add a note on its clinical importance.
7. Explain biotransformation. Discuss the various ways by which drugs are metabolized in our body with examples. Write the factors that alter the rate of metabolism.
8. Mention the different methods which prolongs the duration of action of a drug.
9. Discuss various factors that modify the dosage and action of drugs.
10. Explain first pass metabolism. Discuss enzyme inhibition and enzyme induction with suitable examples.
11. Write the mechanism of drug action with examples.
12. Discuss the factors modifying the drug action with examples.
13. Describe in detail about the drug toxicity in man.
14. Describe the adverse drug reactions and discuss the various adverse drug reactions with examples.
15. Explain adverse drug reactions, drug interactions, drug nomenclature and essential drug concept.
SHORT ANSWERS
1. Explain various routes of administration of drugs. Add a brief note on sublingual routes of administration.
2. Describe special routes of drug administration.
3. Mention four advantages and disadvantages of intravascular route.Explain Plasma protein binding of drugs.
4. Describe drug metabolism with two drugs which gets activated after metabolism.
5. Discuss Enzyme induction.
6. Add a brief note on Microsomal enzyme inducers.
7. Mention various methods to prolong drug action.
8. Explain drug metabolism.
9. Discuss plasma half life.
10. Write in detail about prodrug with examples.
11. Explain Bioavailability and add a note on factors affecting bioavailability.
12. Various methods prolonging the effects of a drug. Discuss therapeutic index of drugs.
13. Define drug antagonism with suitable examples.
14. Explain briefly about Physiological antagonism.
15. Add a note Drug tolerance.
16. Explain tachyphylaxis
17. Discuss drug synergism.
18. Write briefly about adverse drug reactions and mention different types of adverse drug reactions.
19. Describe drug dependence.
20. Mention the drugs contraindicated in pregnancy.
VERY SHORTS
1. Mention two advantages and two disadvantages of oral routes of drug administration.
2. Write disadvantages of Intravenous routes.
3. Mention advantages and disadvantages of sublingual route.
4. Two drugs administered by subcutaneous routes.
5. Two drugs administered by inhalation route.
6. Two drugs administered sublingually.
7. Add a note on parenteral drug administration.
8. Ocusert in ophthalmic practice.
9. Add a note on Transdermal routes.
10. Mention merits of sublingual route of administration.
11. Newer drug delivery system.
12. Write two drugs given by transdermal routes.
13. Discuss First pass metabolism.
14. Define Bioavailability with four factors affecting it.
15. Define bioavailability and write the mechanism of action of drug.
16. Discuss Plasma protein binding with clinical significance.
17. Mention two drugs which do not cross the blood brain barrier.
18. Enzyme induction with clinical significance.
19. Two drugs excreted in saliva.
20. Define First order and zero order kinetics.
21. Zero order kinetics.
22. Describe plasma half life.
23. Placebo
24. Prodrug
25. Discuss receptor with two examples.
26. First pass metabolism with examples.
27. Define biotransformation.
28. Discuss super infection.
29. Add a brief note on pharmacodynamics
30. Define the therapeutic index. Mention drug with narrow therapeutic index.
31. Define antagonist with example.
32. Describe how age can modify drug action.
33. Explain Drug cumulation.
34. Drug tolerance.
35. Mention the drugs that causes tachyphylaxis.
36. Discuss the principles of treatment of drug poisoning
37. Explain counter irritants.
38. Define pharmacogenetics.
39. Hypersensitivity reaction.
40. Adrenaline in anaphylaxis.
41. Define Lactogenic diseases.
42. Explain drug dependence with examples.
43. Define Teratogenic agents.
44. Mention two teratogens.
45. Describe drug interaction.
46. Explain drug nomenclature.
AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
{CHOLINERGIC SYSTEM AND DRUGS, ANTICHOLINERGIC DRUGS, SKELETAL MUSCLE RELAXANTS, ADRENERGIC DRUGS AND ANTIADRENERGIC DRUGS}
LONG ESSAYS:
1. Define cholinergic drugs, classify with suitable examples and write briefly about their mechanism of action, uses and adverse effects of neostigmine.
2. Explain the rationale of using oximes in organophosphates poisoning.
3. Classify anticholinergic drugs. Write the mechanism of actions, adverse effects and therapeutic uses of atropine.
4. Classify anticholinergic drugs. Explain the pharmacology and uses of atropine. And add a note on symptoms and treatment of atropine poisoning.
5. Describe skeletal muscle relaxants. Add note on their mechanism of action, therapeutic uses and mention their adverse effects of any one of them.
6. Classify adrenergic vasopressor. Write the pharmacological action of adrenaline on the smooth muscle of eye, blood vessels, and branches. Name their four uses of adrenaline and mention their routes.
7. Describe adrenergic drugs. Compare and contrast adrenaline and dopamine in detail.
8. Enumerate sympathomimetics. Mention their therapeutic uses and adverse effects of adrenaline.
9. Classify beta-blockers. Write the pharmacological action and uses and adverse effects of any one of them.
10. Classify beta-adrenergic blocking drugs. Mention their pharmacological actions and therapeutic uses.
11. Enumerate beta blockers. Explain their pharmacological actions, uses and adverse effects of propranolol.
SHORT ANSWERS:
1. Compare and contrast neostigmine. Organophosphorus compound poisoning.
2. Describe neostigmine and mention their uses and adverse effects.
3. Explain why neostigmine is preferred to physostigmine in myasthenia gravis.
4. Discuss what are the organophosphorus compounds and mention their treatment.
5. Why physostigmine is used in atropine poisoning with examples.
6. Mention the rationale of using cholinergic drugs in urinary retention.
7. Compare atropine and scopalamine.
8. Compare atropine and Acetylcholine.
9. Mention the uses and adverse effects of anticholinergic drugs (atropine).
10. Atropine substitute.
11. Compare and contrast between succinylcholine and pancuronium.
12. Compare and contrast succinylcholine and D- tubocurarine.
13. Explain the therapeutic effects of skeletal muscle relaxants.
14. Describe Dantrolene sodium.
15. Discuss briefly about D- Tubocurarine.
16. Compare and contrast, adrenaline and noradrenaline.
17. Adrenaline and dopamine.
18. Adrenaline and histamine.
19. Define Adrenaline and add a brief note on their therapeutic uses, dose, and routes of administration.
20. Mention Nasal decongestants.
21. Mention the rationale of using timolol in glaucoma.
22. Explain why dopamine is preferred in cardiogenic shock.
23. Add a note on salbutamol.
24. Discuss therapeutic uses and adverse effects of beta blockers.
25. Explain Cardio selective beta blockers.
26. Discuss alpha-adrenergic blocking agents.
27. Mention the inhaler drugs used in bronchial asthma.
28. Classify beta blockers.
VERY SHORTS:
1. Mention the use of pilocarpine in glaucoma.
2. Rationale of using pilocarpine in glaucoma.
3. Mention the rationale of using neostigmine in myasthenia gravis.
4. Name two drugs used in organophosphate poisoning.
5. Rationale of using atropine in organophosphorus poisoning.
6. Mention the role of oximes in organophosphorus poisoning.
7. Explain the rationale of using oximes in organophosphorus poisoning.
8. Explain the use of pralidoxime in malathion poisoning
9. Atropine and mention its adverse effects.
10. Name the atropine substitutes used as mydriatics.
11. Explain the use Scopolamine (hyoscine ) in motion sickness.
12. Mention the drugs used in glaucoma
13. Explain the mechanism of action of atropine sulphate
14. Mention the uses of atropine
15. Mention the rationale of using atropine as preanesthetic medication
16. Mention the rationale of using atropine in the organophosphorus compound poisoning.
17. Discuss ipratropium.
18. Atropine derivatives
19. Name two skeletal muscle relaxants and their uses.
20. Mention the rationale of using neostigmine in D- tubocurarine poisoning. (Dyapharagmatic paralysis).
21. Compare Succinylcholine and pancuronium.
22. Explain Succinylcholine in anesthesia.
23. Add a note on mechanism of action of pancuronium.
24. Four differences between Tubocurarine and succinylcholine.
25. Mention depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agents.
26. Explain why Adrenaline increases heart rate but noradrenaline decrease.
27. Mention the use of Adrenaline in anaphylactic shock.
28. Adrenaline as hemostatic.
29. Rationale of using the combination of adrenaline and lignocaine in local anesthesia.
30. Explain what is dopamine? Write its uses and routes of administration.
31. Name two drugs increasing BP in shock.
32. Name four nasal decongestants.
33. Mention four bronchodilators
34. Explain the use of Prazosin in hypertension.
35. Discuss why propranolol is not given to hypertensive patients having bronchial asthma.
36. Adverse effects of beta adrenoreceptor blockers.
37. Name two beta receptor blockers and their uses.
38. Mention the rationale of using salbutamol in bronchial asthma.
39. Uses of beta blockers.
40. Propranolol
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM.
{CARDIAC GLYCOSIDES AND TREATMENT OF CARDIAC FAILURE, ANTIARRYTHMIC DRUGS,ANTIANGINAL DRUGS (DRUGS USED IN ANGINA PECTORIS AND MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION),ANTIHYPERTENSIVE DRUGS, SHOCK AND PLASMA EXPANDERS }
LONG ESSAYS:
1. Enumerate angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors. Mention their actions, adverse effects and uses of enalapril.
2. Discuss 4 anti-anginal drugs belonging to different groups. Describe their mechanism of action, uses and adverse effects of a short-acting drug used for acute anginal attack.
3. Classification of vasodilators . Discuss their pharmacological actions of nitrates, side effects and their clinical uses.
4. Classify anti-hypertensive agents. Describe the pharmacological actions, uses , adverse effects of calcium channel blockers.
5. Classify anti-hypertensive drugs and explain pharmacological actions of two commonly used drugs.
6. Classify antihypertensive drugs. Write mechanism of action, adverse effects and pharmacological actions of ACE inhibitors.
7. Classify the drugs in the treatment of hypertension. Explain the mechanism of action, indication and adverse effects of any three.
8. Classify the drugs used in the treatment of hypertension. Describe the pharmacological actions, uses and adverse effects of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors.
9. Classify antihypertensive drugs. Write the mechanism of action and two clinical uses of enalapril. Mention the advantages of losartan over the enalapril in hypertension.
SHORT ANSWERS:
1. Compare and contrast digoxin and digitoxin.
2. Toxicities and digoxin.
3. Discuss the therapeutic uses and adverse effects of digoxin.
4. Mention the rationale of using digoxin in atrial fibrillation.
5. Describe the mechanism of action and therapeutic uses of digitalis.
6. Discuss disopyramide.
7. Classify anti-arrythmic drugs
8. Mention the drugs used in treatment of angina pectoris with their mechanism of action.
9. Nitroglycerine.
10. Nifedipine.
11. Mention the drugs used Angina pectoris.
12. Discuss the action of nitrates in angina pectoris.
13. Mention the emergency drugs used in hypertension.
14. Write the mechanism of action and uses of minoxidil.
15. Ace inhibitors
16. Classify anti-hypertensive drugs
17. Calcium channel blockers
18. Enalapril
19. Nifedipine
20. Describe captopril write their mechanism of action, uses and adverse effects.
VERY SHORTS :
1. Explain the reason for the use of diuretics in congestive cardiac failure.
2. Write the cardiac toxicity of digoxin.
3. Mention uses and adverse effects of digoxin.
4. Name two drugs used to control ventricular arrhythmia induced by cardiac glycosides.
5. Digoxin in atrial fibrillation.
6. Name two drugs used in cardiac arrhythmia.
7. Discuss Propranolol as antiarrhythmic drug.
8. Mention three groups of drugs used in angina pectoris with suitable example for each group.
9. Name two drugs used in angina pectoris.
10. Describe the mechanism of action of nitroglycerine in angina pectoris.
11. Mention the role of nitrates in cyanide poisoning.
12. Name two drugs used in angina pectoris.
13. Mention two non- nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors.
14. Mention the rationale of using beta blockers in hypertension.
15. Rationale for using clonidine in hypertension.
16. Write the uses of calcium channel blockers.
17. Mention the drugs used in hypotension.
18. Describe plasma expanders.
19. Name four plasma expanders.
20. Define plasma expanders with suitable examples.
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
{ LOCAL ANESTHETICS, GENERAL ANAESTHETICS, SEDATIVE-HYPNOTICS, ETHYL AND METHYL ALCOHOL, ANTIPARKINSONIAN DRUGS, OPIOID ANALGESICS AND ANTAGONISTS, NSAIDS, DRUGS USED IN GOUT AND RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS, DRUGS USED IN PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS (MENTAL ILLNESS), CNS STIMULANTS AND COGNITION ENHANCERS}
LONG ESSAYS
1. Classify local anesthetics . Write the mechanism of action, adverse effects and therapeutic use and advantages of lignocaine.
2. Classify local anesthetic with examples. Describe four techniques of local anesthetics with an indication for each.
3. Classify local anesthetics with examples. Discuss different techniques employed to induce local anesthesia. Explain how the action of lignocaine can be prolonged.
4. Enumerate local anesthetics with examples. Describe the mechanism of action of local anesthetic. Write briefly about two types of local anesthesia.
5. Classify local anesthetics and describe the uses and toxicity of lignocaine.
6. Classify local anesthetics giving suitable examples. Write their mechanism of action and therapeutic uses of lignocaine and mention the complications of spinal anesthesia.
7. Classify general anesthetics. Write the various stages of general anesthesia and mention the merits and demerits of gaseous anesthetics.
8. Classify general anesthetics. Compare and contrast nitrous oxide and thiopentone.
9. Enumerate general and local anesthetics uses in dental practice. Explain the pharmacological actions, merits and demerits of nitrous oxide.
10. Enumerate benzodiazepines. Write their actions, adverse effects, and uses.
11. Classify Hypno-sedatives. Mention the drugs used in the treatment of insomnia. Describe why benzodiazepines are preferred to barbiturates as hypnotic sedatives.
12. Classify sedative-hypnotics. Discuss their mechanism of action and adverse effects of diazepam. Explain it’s therapeutic uses.
13. Classify antiepileptics. Write the mechanism of action and adverse effects of diphenylhydantoin (Phenytoin sodium).
14. Enumerate the antiepileptic drugs belonging to different groups. Write the action of phenytoin. Add a note on how will you manage a case of convulsion precipitated during tooth extraction?
15. Classify opioid analgesics. Write the CNS pharmacological actions, adverse effects and therapeutic uses of morphine. Mention its contraindications.
16. Classify non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Write the mechanism of action, pharmacological actions, adverse reactions and therapeutic uses of salicylates/aspirin.
17. Classify antipyretic analgesics. Write the pharmacological actions, uses and adverse effects of acetyl salicylic acid.
18. Classify non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. write the pharmacological actions ,uses and adverse effects of proprionic acid derivatives.
19. Enumerate non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Write the mechanism of action and uses of ibuprofen.
20. Classify non-narcotic analgesics. Describe the actions and uses of salicylates
SHORT ANSWERS
1. Write mechanism of action of local anesthetics.
2. Lignocaine mechanism of action and mention their critical uses.
3. Compare and contrast between procaine and cocaine.
4. Infiltration anesthesia.
5. Mention the techniques used in local anesthesia.
6. Write mechanism of action of lignocaine.
7. Describe briefly about sequential blockade.
8. Explain xylocaine.
9. Add a note on lidocaine and its mechanism of action.
10. Discuss the basis of combining lignocaine and Adrenaline.
11. Nitrous oxide.
12. Compare and contrast nitrous oxide and halothane.
13. Compare and contrast between ether and halothane.
14. Writes Advantages and disadvantages of Halothane.
15. Intravenous anesthetics.
16. Thiopentone sodium.
17. Dissociative anesthesia (Ketamine)
18. Compare and contrast between ketamine and fentanyl.
19. Pre-anesthetic medication.
20. Diazepam.
21. Write the mechanism of action and uses of diazepam.
22. Compare and contrast between phenobarbitone and diazepam.
23. Mention the therapeutic uses of diazepam.
24. Classify barbiturates and write their uses and dose.
25. Enumerate benzodiazepines and write their mechanism of action and adverse effects.
26. Discuss mechanism of action and therapeutic uses of sodium valproate.
27. Disulfiram
28. Diphenyl hydantoin sodium.
29. Write the therapeutic uses and adverse effects of phenytoin sodium.
30. Sodium valproate.
31. Compare and contrast between Vigabatrin and gabapentin.
32. Enumerate drug-induced parkinsonism? What are its causes and its treatment.
33. Add a note on levodopa.
34. Compare and contrast between morphine and pethidine.
35. Explain Synthetic morphine substitute.
36. Write a brief note on Opioid antagonists
37. Write therapeutic uses and contraindications of aspirin.
38. Explain the treatment of acute paracetamol toxicity.
39. Compare and contrast between aspirin and paracetamol.
40. Compare and contrast between ibuprofen and piroxicam.
41. Aspirin
42. Paracetamol
43. Add a note on phenyl butazone.
44. Ibuprofen
45. Describe the anti-inflammatory actions of glucocorticoids. Name four contraindications for their use.
46. Selective COX-2 Inhibitors
47. Allopurinol.
48. Mention the role of glucocorticoids in rheumatoid arthritis.
VERY SHORTS:
1. Write two differences between lignocaine and procaine.
2. Explain why adrenaline is used along with local and esthetic infiltration.
3. Mention the rationale of combining xylocaine with adrenaline for local anesthesia.
4. Write the indication for the use of adrenaline and lignocaine.
5. Pancuronium
6. Mention by which route thiopentone is given.
7. Name two disadvantages of ether.
8. Define diffusion hypoxia? Which anesthetic produces this effect?
9. Write advantages and disadvantages of thiopentone sodium.
10. Discuss Benzodiazepines as pre-anesthetic medication.
11. Name four inhalation general anaesthesia
12. Name four Intravenous general anaesthesia.
13. Mention the rationale of using atropine as a preanesthetic agent.
14. Name uses and adverse effects of diazepam.
15. Discuss urine should be alkalized in acute barbiturate poisoning?.
16. Mention the rationale for the use of sodium barbiturate in acidic drug poisoning.
17. Four uses and indications of diazepam
18. Mention two advantages of diazepam over phenobarbitone as hypnotic
19. Mention the therapeutic uses of ethyl alcohol.
20. Mention the rationale of using ethyl alcohol in methyl alcohol poisoning.
21. Write the mechanism of action of phenytoin sodium.
22. Explain the Phenytoin sodium in grand mal epilepsy.
23. Name four adverse effects of phenytoin.
24. Name two drugs that cause gingival hyperplasia.
25. Olanzapine and carbamazepine.
26. Write the mode of action of sodium valproate.
27. Grand mal epilepsy.
28. Name two drugs used in grand mal epilepsy.
29. Discuss why Phenytoin is contraindicated in pregnancy.
30. Mention two drugs used in inpetitmal epilepsy.
31. Name two broad spectrum antiepileptic agents.
32. Discuss Morphine is used in acute left ventricular failure.
33. Name four uses and contraindications of morphine.
34. Mention the uses of pethidine.Give a reason is pethidine safer than morphine during labor.
35. What is buprenorphine?
36. Mention two pure antagonists of morphine.
37. Describe the rationale of using naloxone in morphine poisoning.
38. Four adverse effects of fentanyl
39. Compare and contrast between aspirin and paracetamol.
40. Name six peripherally acting analgesics.
41. Explain briefly how does aspirin produce peptic ulcers?
42. Four indications for aspirin.
43. Write an indication for the use of aspirin and discuss the basis for the same.
44. Two adverse effects and antidote for paracetamol poisoning.
45. Phenylbutazone a good anti-inflammatory drug is not used frequently in the clinic as anti-inflammatory drug.
46. Selective COX2 inhibitors.
47. Define nimesulide?
48. Mention the rationale of using in post myocardial infarction.
49. Mention drug of choice for acute paracetamol overdose and give a reason for its selection.
50. Mention the rationale of using low dose aspirin prophylactically and myocardial infarction.
51. Give a reason aspirin is contraindicated in patients with bleeding diathesis.
52. Name the antidote for paracetamol.
53. Add a note on aspirin as anti-inflammatory agent
54. Mention the rationale of using Probenecid
With penicillin.
55. Probenecid and allopurinol.
56. Name uses and adverse effects of chlorpromazine.
57. Mention two antianxiety drugs.
58. Name two antidepressants.
59. Explain the action of amitriptyline and it’s uses.
60. Explain the cheese reaction? Name the drugs that causes cheese reaction.
61. Therapeutic use and adverse effects of lithium.
62. Mention the rationale of using imipramine in mental depression.
63. Discuss newer antidepressants.
64. Name four drugs used in mental depression.
65. Mention the drugs used in schizophrenia with mechanism of action of any drug.
66. Analeptics
67. Mention two drugs used in grand mal epilepsy.
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AUTACOIDS
{ HISTAMINES AND ANTIHISTAMINES, PROSTAGLANDINS AND LEUKOTRIENES, HAEMATINICS AND ERYTHROPOIETIN, DRUGS AFFECTING COAGULATION, BLEEDING AND THROMBOSIS}
LONG ESSAYS
1. Classify H1 receptors antihistaminics with examples. Write the names of commonly used newer nonsedative antihistaminics and explain their advantages. Mention the therapeutic uses of antihistaminics.
2. Describe the mechanism of iron absorption in the body. Give a brief note on different iron preparations.
3. Describe the agents used for controlling bleeding. Mention their actions and uses.
4. Classify anticoagulants. Write their mechanism of action, uses and adverse effects of the coumarin derivatives.
SHORT ANSWERS
1. Cetrizine.
2. Describe non-sedative H1 blockers
3. Non-sedative antihistamines.
4. Write four differences between diphenhydramine and loratidine.
5. H2 receptor antagonists
6. Ferrous sulphate
7. Vitamin B12
8. Iron preparations.
9. Warfarin sodium
10.Heparin
11. Anti-platelet drugs.
12. Oral anticoagulants
13 Treatment of bleeding gums
14. Styptics
VERY SHORTS
1. Mention the adverse effects of antihistaminics.
2. Name two non-sedative antihistamines and write their uses.
3. Discuss conventional antihistaminics drugs are used in the treatment of motion sickness.
4. Four antihistamines.
5. Two newer non sedative antihistamines.
6. Cyproheptadine.
7. Name drugs used to suppress dry cough.
8. Name four newer antihistamines with advantages.
9. Two drugs for productive cough.
10. Mention two selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors.
11. Two non sedating H blockers.
12. Therapeutic uses of H1 blockers.
13. Four uses of prostaglandins.
14. Mention the drugs used in microcytic anemia.
15. Name two oral and parenteral prescriptions of iron.
16. Mention the indications for parenteral use of iron.
17. Cyanocobalamin.
18. Folic acid.
19. Why folic acid is contraindicated in patients with pernicious anemia give reason.
20. Discuss vitamin c is given with iron in treatment of anaemia.
21. EDTA.
22. Mention the drugs used in pernicious anemia.
23. Vitamin-K.
24. Fibrinolytic agents.
25. Uses and mechanism of action of protamine sulphate.
26. Coagulants.
27. Procoagulants.
28. Give results why Vitamin-k is used in over dosage of warfarin.
29. Molecular weight of heparin.
30. Heparin.
HYPOLIPIDEMIC DRUGS AND PLASMA EXPANDERS
GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT
{DRUGS USED IN GASTROINTESTINAL DISORDERS. (PEPTIC ULCER) ,
EMETICS AND ANTIEMETICS, DRUGS FOR CONSTIPATION AND DIARRHOEA, DIURETICS AND ANTI-DIURETIC}
LONG ESSAYS:
1. Enumerate the drugs used in peptic ulcers. Discuss the mechanism of action and adverse effects of any two groups.
2. Enumerate the purgatives. Describe the actions of saline purgatives. Mention their indications and two contraindications for purgatives.
3. Define antacid? Classify them with suitable examples. Explains their merits and demerits of NaHCO3 as an antacid.
4. Classify diuretics. Compare and contrast between furosemide and amiloride. Mention their important adverse effects?.
SHORT ANSWERS:
1. Compare and contrast between misoprostol and Ranitidine.
2. Compare and contrast between metoclopramide and hyoscine.
3. Enumerate drugs used in the treatment of peptic ulcers. Mention the mechanism of action of omeprazole.
4. Describe Antihistaminic drugs in peptic ulcers.
5. Mention H2 antagonists and their use and dose.
6. Ranitidine
7. Compare and contrast between cimetidine and ranitidine.
8. Proton pump inhibitors.
9. Prokinetic agents.
10. Mention the drugs used as purgatives. Mechanism of action of liquid paraffin.
11.Osmotic purgatives.
12.ORS(Oral Rehydration Salts) .
13. Write therapeutic uses and actions of ondasetron.
14. Classify diuretics and mention the mechanism of action of thiazides.
15. Loop diuretics.
16. Explain therapeutic uses and adverse effects of furosemide.
17. Compare and contrast between furosemide and triamterene.
18. Compare and contrast between Hydrochlorothiazide and furosemide.
19. Compare and contrast between furosemide and spironolactone.
20. Compare and contrast between Furosemide and amiloride.
21. Discuss thiazide diuretics.
22. Compare and contrast between Hydrochlorothiazide and spironolactone.
23. Discuss potassium-sparing diuretics.
23. Osmotic diuretics
VERY SHORTS :
1. Mention two non-systematic antacids.
2. Ranitidine is preferred to cimetidine.
3. Name two proton inhibitors.
4. Omeprazole is used in peptic ulcers.
5. Two prokinetic drugs. Write two uses.
6. Metoclopramide and domperidone.
7. Emetics and their uses.
8. Mention two antiemetics and it’s site of action.
9. Mention two antiemetics drugs and their adverse effects.
10. Two osmotic purgatives.
11. Two antidiarrheal agents.
12. Four drugs used in peptic ulcer.
13. Mention the rationale of using omeprazole and clarithromycin in peptic ulcer.
14. Mention rationale of combining aluminium hydroxide gel and magnesium trisilicate antacids.
15. Aluminum hydroxide.
16. Define antiemetics with examples.
17. Four drugs in treatment of vomiting.
18. Domeperidone is preferred over metoclopramide in vomiting. Why?
19. Add a note on liquid paraffin.
20. What are saline purgatives.
21. Loperamide
22. Mention the rationale of using loperamide in diarrhea.
23. Name 4 diuretic drugs and mention their different use for each.
24. High ceiling (loop) diuretics.
25. Furosemide is combined with triamterene. Explain.
26. Mention the rationale of combining thiazide with spironolactone.
27. Two uses of frusemide.
28. Four therapeutic uses and adverse effects of furosemide.
29. Write uses and adverse effects of thiazides.
30. Discuss Spironolactone as K+ sparing diuretics.
31. Osmotic diuretics.
32. Name two osmotic diuretics.
33. Discuss the pharmacological basis and route of administration of furosemide in acute pulmonary oedema.
HORMONES
{ANTERIOR PITUITARY HORMONES, THYROID HORMONE AND THYROID INHIBITORS,INSULIN, ORAL HYPOGLYCEMIC DRUGS AND GLUCAGON, CORTICOSTEROIDS, ESTROGEN AND ANDROGENS,DRUGS AFFECTING CALCIUM METABOLISM}
LONG ESSAYS
1. Classify the antithyroid drugs write their action of thioamides by mentioning the indication, advantages and adverse effects.
2. Classify antidiabetic drugs and explain about the oral anti-diabetic drugs
3. Describe the various insulin preparations with advantages and disadvantages.
4. Enumerate insulin preparations, write the mechanism of action, pharmacological actions and adverse effects. Add a note on advantages of human insulin over conventional insulin preparations.
5. Discuss various insulin preparation and explain their merits and demerits.
6. Classify oral hypoglycemic agents with suitable examples and write the mechanism of action and adverse effects of sulfonylurea.
7. Classify corticosteroids. Write their pharmacological actions, adverse effects, and therapeutic uses.
8. Mention the different hormones secreted by adrenal cortex? Add a note on their pharmacological actions, adverse effects of glucocorticoids.
9. Classify glucocorticoids. Write their therapeutic uses in dentistry. Discuss the adverse effects of prolonged glucocorticoids therapy
10. Write the normal plasma calcium levels in the body and discuss the role of different hormones and vitamins affecting the body calcium levels.
11. Explain the drugs acting on calcium metabolism and write their pharmacological actions of parathyroid hormone.
SHORT ANSWERS
1. Add a note on alendronate.
2. Write the management of thyrotoxicosis.
3. Explain newer insulins, mention their advantages and disadvantages.
4. Write the mechanism of action of glypizide.
5. Insulin analogues
6. Tolbutamide
7. Metformin
8. Glibenclamide
9. Insulin preparations and add a note on their adverse effects.
10. Enumerate newer insulin preparations, mention the important uses of insulin.
11. Oral hypoglycemic drugs.
12. Sulfonylureas.
13. Synthetic corticosteroids.
14. Write the mechanism of action and adverse effects of dexamethasone.
15. Describe the therapeutic uses and adverse effects of glucocorticoids.
16. Write the therapeutic uses and adverse effects of prednisolone.
17. Mention the adverse effects of adrenocorticoids.
18. Topical glucocorticoids.
19. Explain oral contraceptives.
20. Vitamin- D.
21. Para thyroid hormone.
VERY SHORTS
1. Define insulin.
2. Name four oral antidiabetics and from different groups
3. Explain why sulphonylureas are not useful in juvenile diabetes mellitus.
4. Mention four oral hypoglycemic drugs.
5. Give reasons why newer insulins are preferred over conventional insulins.
6. Explain Non- insulin dependent diabetes mellitus.
7. Mention the adverse effects of insulin therapy.
8. Write two uses and two adverse effects of insulin.
9. Four advantages of newer insulins.
10. Mechanism of action glipizide.
11. Explain why Sulfonylureas group of hypoglycemic agents act only In the presence of healthy pancreas.
12. Glibenclamide is not useful In treating childhood diabetes mellitus. Why?
13. Explain why Sulfonylureas are not effective in type I diabetes mellitus.
14. Glipizide is not useful in type 1 diabetes mellitus.
15. Sulfonylureas and biguanides.
16. Write the mechanism of action of biguanides
17. Explain the adverse effects of corticosteroids on body weight and bone?
18. Is abrupt cessation of prolonged glucocorticoid therapy- hazardous.
19. Explain why glucocorticoid therapy should not be stopped abruptly.
20. Name 2 adverse effects and contraindications of glucocorticoids.
21. Mention the life saving uses of hydrocortisone.
22. Compare and contrast between hydrocortisone and dexamethasone.
23. Name 3 non-hormonal uses of glucocorticoids.
24. Four uses of dexamethasone1. Explain the agonists affecting the calcium metabolism.
25. State the basis for using calcitriol in renal rickets.
CHEMOTHERAPY
GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
LONG ESSAYS
1. Write few examples of antibiotics and mechanism of action and adverse effects of commonly used antibiotics.
2. Enumerate antimicrobial agents based on the mechanism of action with suitable examples.write advantages of combined use of antimicrobial with examples.
SHORT ANSWERS
1. Combined drug effects.
2. Drug resistance.
3. Explain bacterial resistance.
VERY SHORTS
1. Super infection
2. Four topically used antibiotics.
3. Chemoprophylaxis with example.
4. Explain antibiotic resistance and Bacterial resistance.
5. Define cross-resistance.
6. Explain why Penicillin is not combined with sulfonamides.
7. Four causes of super infection.
SULFONAMIDES, COTRIMOXAZOLE AND QUINOLONES
LONG ESSAY
1. Enumerate fluoroquinolones antibiotics. Describe the therapeutic uses and adverse effects of ciprofloxacin.
SHORT ANSWERS
1. Classify sulfonamides and adverse effects of sulfonamides.
2. Topical sulfonamides.
3. Co-trimoxazole and mention its advantages.
4. Explain the mechanism of action and adverse effects of sulfonamides.
5. Clotrimazole
6. Describe the mechanism of action and uses of ciprofloxacin.
VERY SHORTS
1. Explain to prevent crystalluria which caused by sulfonamides alkaline mixtures are given.
2. Sequential blockade.
3. Name four fluoroquinolones and its uses.
4. Mention four fluoroquinolones.
5. Two uses of ciprofloxacin.
6. Name the drugs used in typhoid fever.
7. Drugs that are given for streptococcal sore throat.
8. Explain why quinoloes are not recommended in children’s
9. Mention four uses of metronidazole.
10. Explain the rationale of using sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim.
11. Why are sulfonamides not effective in the presence of pus.
12. Mention long acting sulphonamide.
BETA LACTAM ANTIBIOTICS
LONG ESSAYS
1. Describe various penicillin preparations. Mention the antibacterial spectrum Toxicity and uses of any one of the penicillin preparation commonly used in Dental practice.
2. Enumerate beta-lactam antibiotics. Write antibacterial spectrum therapeutic uses and adverse effects of penicillin G.
3. Classify semi-synthetic penicillin. Write antibacterial spectrum of action, adverse effects and therapeutic uses of Amoxycillin.
4. Enumerate cephalosporins. Write the mechanism of action, antibacterial spectrum, pharmacological actions, therapeutic uses and adverse effects of third-generation cephalosporins.
5. Describe chemotherapeutic agents and antibiotics and explain the newer penicillin.
6. Classify penicillins. Describe their mechanism of action, uses and adverse effects of penicillins.
SHORT ANSWERS
1. Natural penicillin and streptomycin.
2. Broad-spectrum penicillins.
3. Compare and contrast between ampicillin and amoxicillin.
4. Extended-spectrum penicillin.
5. Explain the difference between ampicillin and amoxicillin.
6. First-generation cephalosporins.
VERY SHORTS
1. Rationale of combined ampicillin and probenecid in chemotherapy.
2. By what Penicillin act as bactericidal agent.
3. Explain probenecid and penicillin In chemotherapy.
4. Explain the reason for the combination of gentamicin and penicillin in enterococcal infection.
5. Cloxacillin in Staphylococcal infection.
6. Clavulanic acid is combined with amoxicillin with sulbactam in the treatment of infection.
7. Rationale of using combination of amoxicillin and clavulanic acid and mention its indication.
8. Advantages of amoxicillin over ampicillin.
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TETRACYCLINES AND CHLORAMPHENICOL (BROAD SPECTRUM ANTIBIOTICS)
LONG ESSAYS
1. Enumerate the broad-spectrum antibiotics. Write the antimicrobial spectrum mechanism of action, adverse effects, therapeutic uses and add a note on contraindications for tetracycline.
2. Describe tetracycline antibiotics?Classify tetracycline. Write the pharmacological actions, adverse effects, contraindications and uses of any one of them.
3. Discuss the clinical uses and toxicity of tetracyclines. Explain its adverse effects and mention how will you treat a case of superinfection caused by tetracycline therapy. Add a note on doxycycline.
SHORT ANSWERS
1. Write the differences between tetracycline and doxycycline.
2. Chloramphenicol
3. Explain the mechanism of action and uses of tetracycline.
VERY SHORTS
1. Two adverse effects of tetracycline.
2. Give reasons why tetracycline is contraindicated during pregnancy.
3. Name four advantages of minocycline.
4. Mention the adverse effects of chloramphenicol.
5. Drugs used in the treatment of anaerobic infections.
6. Mention two drug interactions between tetracycline and antacid.
AMINOGLYCOSIDE ANTIBIOTICS
LONG ESSAYS
1. Describe the aminoglycoside antibiotics? Classify aminoglycoside antibiotics. Mention their general pharmacological properties, antibacterial spectrum, adverse effects and uses of gentamycin.
2. Enumerate the drugs used in treatment of infection caused by gram negative organisms. write their mechanism of action, uses, adverse effects of fluoroquinolones. Add a note on common characteristics of aminoglycoside antibiotics.
SHORT ANSWERS:
1. Mention the differences between amoxicillin and gentamycin.
2. Compare and contrast between gentamycin and amikacin.
3 write the difference between neomycin and gentamycin.
VERY SHORTS
1. Explain aminoglycoside antibiotics.
2. Name four aminoglycoside antibiotics.
3. Mechanism of action of streptomycin.
4. Common characteristics and adverse effects of aminoglycoside antibiotics.
5. Four drugs that produce toxicity.
6. Indications and adverse effects of gentamycin.
7. Name the drugs which are highly nephrotoxic.
8. Write the uses of gentamycin.
MACROLIDES OTHER ANTIBACTERIAL AGENTS AND CHEMOTHERAPY OF URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS.
LONG ESSAY:
1. Describe macrolides antibiotics and write the mechanism of action,uses and adverse effects of it.
SHORT ANSWERS:
1. Mention the difference between erythromycin and azithromycin.
2. Gentamycin
3. Mention the common characteristics of aminoglycoside.
VERY SHORTS
1. Describe the drug interactions between erythromycin and astemizole.
2. Write four adverse effects and uses of erythromycin.
3. Urinary tract infection due to E. Coli.
4. Name two aminoglycoside antibiotics.
5. Streptomycin.
CHEMOTHERAPY OF TUBERCULOSIS AND LEPROSY.
LONG ESSAYS
1.Classify antituberculosis drugs. Write the chemotherapeutic action and the adverse effects. Name one standard regimen for the treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis.
2. Enumerate drugs which are used in tuberculosis and mention their pharmacology of any two commonly used drugs.
3. Classify drugs used in leprosy and write their mechanism of action,uses and adverse effects of dapsone.
SHORT ANSWERS:
1. Explain the short-course treatment of tuberculosis.
2. Rifampicin and mention its adverse effects and uses.
3. Isoniazid
4. Multidrug regime in leprosy.
5. Explain the treatment of leprosy.
6. Define lepra reaction and state briefly its treatment.
VERY SHORTS
1. Name the drugs used in tuberculosis.
2. First line antitubercular drugs.
3. Mention the rationale of combining INH with pyridoxine in treatment of tuberculosis.
4. Isoniazid acetylator status in TB chemotherapy.
5. Two adverse effects of INH.
6. INH is combined with pyridoxine in the treatment of tuberculosis.Give reason
7. Drugs which are highly hepatoxic.
8. Give reasons-rifampicin is used in treatment of leprosy
9. DOTS in the chemotherapy of tuberculosis.
10. Explain Hansen’s disease.
11. Name four drugs for leprosy.
12. Explain why ethambutol is not prescribed in children.
13. Mention the first line drugs used in leprosy.
14. Name four drugs used in lepra reaction.
15. Why iron tablets are given along with the dapsone?
ANTIFUNGAL DRUGS.
SHORT ANSWERS (Systemic antifungal drugs)
1. Differentiate between ketoconazole and griseofulvin.
2. Acyclovir.
3. Ketoconazole.
4. Zidovudine.
5. Griseofulvin.
VERY SHORTS :
1.Mention four topical antifungal agents.
2. Two antifungal agents.
3. Two antiviral agents and their use.
4. Uses of acyclovir.
5. Mention two drugs used in fungal infections.
ANTI- MALARIAL (CHEMOTHERAPY OF MALARIA.)
SHORT ANSWERS:
1. Chloroquine.
VERY SHORTS:
1. Mention the therapeutic uses and adverse effects of chloroquine.
2. Give reasons why chloroquine is not effective in radial cure in plasmodium vivax malaria.
ANTI- AMOEBIC (DRUGS USED IN AMOEBIASIS, LEISHMANIASIS, AND TRYPANOSOMIASIS)
SHORT ANSWERS :
1. Metronidazole.
VERY SHORTS:
1. Write the uses and adverse effects of metronidazole.
2. Mention the therapeutic uses of metronidazole in dentistry.
3. Explain why Injection emetine is not used to treat amoebiasis.
ANTIHISTAMINICS.
SHORT ANSWERS:
1. Explain broad-spectrum antihelminthics.
VERY SHORTS:
1. Mebendazole.
2. Albendazole.
CANCER CHEMOTHERAPY
SHORT ANSWERS
1. Explain the folate antagonists in malignancy.
2. Methotrexate.
3. State briefly about vinca alkaloids.
4. Describe the radioactive isotopes.
5. Discuss the method to ameliorate toxicity of anticancer drugs.
VERY SHORTS:
1. Mention the antimetabolites used in cancer therapy.
2. Antibiotics used in cancer therapy.
3. Describe the use of methotrexate and it’s mechanism of action.
4. Therapeutic uses of methotrexate.
5. Two drugs used in acute leukemia.
6. Mention four antimetabolites used in treatment of cancer.
7. Give reasons why Tetracycline should not be given with antacids.
8. Four adverse effects of cytotoxic anticancer drugs.
DENTAL PHARMACOLOGY.
LONG ESSAYS
1. Define a mouth wash. Describe the different types of mouthwashes with clinical practice.
2. Define a disclosing solution. Name the ideal disclosing solution? Add a note on erythrosine.
3. Describe fluoride pharmacology in relation to its utility as an anticaries agent. Mention the different formulations in which fluoride is used for this purpose? State briefly about fluoride toxicity.
SHORT ANSWERS:
1. Mummifying agents.
2. Mouth washes.
3. Fluoride in dentistry.
4. Bleaching agents.
5. Anti caries drugs.
6. Obtundents.
7. Dental desensitizing agents.
VERY SHORTS:
1. Define dentifrices and their uses with examples.
2. Bleaching agents.
3. Mummifying agents.
4. Disclosing agent.
5. Explain povidone-iodine and its uses.
6. Mouthwashes and its uses with two examples.
7. Mention the uses of fluoride in caries.
8. Explain the role of fluoride in dentistry.
9. Explain why hydrogen peroxide is used as antiseptic.
10. Define dental abrasives with suitable examples.
11. Name four drugs used as dental abrasives.
12. Name three antiseptics used in dental practice.
POISONING
SHORT ANSWERS
1. Dimercaprol.
2. Treatment of organophosphorus poisoning.
3. D- penicillamine.
4. Salbutamol.
5. Deferoxamine.
VERY SHORTS
1. Four bronchodilators.
2. Explain the rationale of using Deferoxamine in iron poisoning.
3. D-penicillamine in copper poisoning.
MISCELLANEOUS DRUGS.
LONG ESSAYS:
1. Enumerate disinfectants and antiseptics used in dental practice with examples. Discuss their general uses in dentistry.
2. Describe the specific uses of clove oil and eugenol?
3. Define and classify antiseptics. Explain in details of phenol it’s mechanism of action different preparations and uses.
SHORT ANSWERS:
1. Antiseptics and disinfectants.
2. Describe the antiseptics in dental practice indications and adverse effects.
3. Antiseptics for oral cleanliness.
4. Mention the commonly used antiseptics.
5. Oxidizing agents.
6. Chelating agents.
7. Calcium, disodium edetate write It’s uses and mechanism of action.
8. Vitamin C.
VERY SHORTS
1. Chelating agents.
2. Four chelating agents.
3. Mention fat-soluble vitamins and uses of anyone .
4. Explain the causes of thiamine deficiency.
5. Vitamin C.
6. Explain the causes of ascorbic acid deficiency
7.Define scurvy? And drug used in these conditions.
8. Explain why Vitamin C given with iron in the treatment of anemia.
TREATMENT OF EMERGENCIES.
SHORT ANSWERS:
1. List emergency drugs used in the dentistry for management of diabetic ketoacidosis.
VERY SHORTS:
1. Discuss the treatment for anaphylactic shock.
2. Treatment for septic shock.
MISCELLANEOUS .
SHORT ANSWERS :
1. Dilantin sodium.
2. Explain Newer drug regimes.
3. Treatment of cardiogenic shock.
4. Topical glucocorticoids.
VERY SHORTS
1. Counter-irritant with two examples.
2. Normal human gamma globulin.
3. Define normal saline it’s clinical use.
4. Examples for drugs
(a) Antileprotic drugs.
(b) Antihelminthic.
(c) Anticancerous drug.
(d) Sulfonamides.
